How to prepare a student project sample. Project work: how to design a title page
Content design A coursework (abstract, dissertation) is essentially a numbering of sections, subsections and other parts. This is one page that is placed between and the main text. A well-thought-out and correctly drawn up plan helps to systematize information and quickly navigate through sources. This is a part that can be adjusted or changed, but without it you should not take on or.
Requirements for the design of content according to GOST 2017-2018
Standard requirements for the design of content are specified in GOST 7.32. In accordance with them, write “Contents” at the top of the sheet, aligned in the center. The list follows at 2 intervals: “Introduction”, names of chapters, subchapters, “Conclusion”, list of sources of information, applications. Section names are written in capital letters, one-and-a-half intervals. The names of subsections are shifted to the right by 1 indentation (1.25). The page is indicated next to each item.
2, but it is not always numbered, it depends on the requirements of the university. Use the same font as throughout your work. According to GOST, the font is Times New Roman, font size 14, but a particular educational institution may have other requirements. The content between chapter names and numbers is dots. Arabic numerals are used for numbering.
Word's auto-assembled table of contents feature can only be used if the headings are formatted correctly.
Example of content design
How to make automatic content in Word
In Word, the process of formatting content is automated. All tools are located in the “Links” tab: “Table of Contents”, “Add Text”, “Update Table”. It is most convenient to format the content of a finished coursework or dissertation.
Create a new sheet for the form. Click on "Table of Contents". From the list, select "Manual Table of Contents". A form to fill out will appear. After clicking on “Enter ...”, a rectangle is formed. Enter the title of the chapter in it.
The disadvantage of this method is the need to manually make changes if the sheet number or title changes. If the work is voluminous, manual design is quite labor-intensive. Therefore, it is better to use an auto-generated form that is filled out automatically.
Headings must be formatted using Word, and sheets must be numbered. Otherwise, the program will not be able to find headings, sort by levels, add numbering and insert into the table of contents.
Mark the title of the chapter, open the “Style” tab, select a title.
If you need a different style, simultaneously press CTRL+SHIFT+S on your keyboard, then “Apply styles”. Select the one you need from the drop-down list and click on “Change”.
To number the sheets, you need to go to “Insert” and click on “Page Number”. After selecting the option, click on “Close Header and Footer Window”.
Next, assign a level to all headings. Open the “Links” tab that you use to, place the cursor in front of the title, click on “Add text”. Select a level (a check mark will appear). Level 1 – title of the section (Heading 1), level 2 – subsection (Heading 2), level 3 – name of the smaller part (Heading 3).
The next step is to format the content in Word. Place the cursor at the place on the sheet where the plan will be. Click on “Table of Contents” and select an option from the list that is collected automatically. A table of contents will appear consisting of the names of the numbered sections.
If something changes in your work, just click on “Update table”. The table of contents will change immediately. There is no need to compare names with numbering.
If you need to make content with a large number of levels at , click on “Table of Contents” and select “Table of Contents” (at the bottom of the table). A window will open allowing you to:
- increase the number of levels (“Levels”);
- change the type of content (from the drop-down list in “Formats”) - changes are immediately visible in the “Preview” window;
- change the style (“Change”, select the desired one in the “Style” plate);
- change the line connecting the text to the number (“Placeholder”);
- use special styles (“Options”, select “Available styles” and “Level”).
If you need to delete content, open “Links”, click on “Table of Contents”, then click “Delete Table of Contents”.
Procedure for manually formatting content
If the document is small, it will not need to be edited; the titles are created without formatting; there are two ways to manually format the contents.
First design method. Write “Contents” on the new page, go to the next line and enter a title. Use the “Tab” button to move the cursor to the end of the line and write the number. If dots are needed between the name and number, make them using the appropriate key.
The disadvantage of this design method is that the numbers do not form a neat column. The page looks sloppy.
Example of manual content design
Second design method. Write “Contents” on a blank sheet of paper and go to a new line. In the menu, click on the numbered list and write the first heading. Leave the cursor at the last word, click on “Page Layout”, “Paragraph”, “Tab”. Set the options: centimeters to number, right alignment, placeholder. As you type the following titles, press Tab to move to the page location.
Presenting content in this way looks more accurate, since the numbers are arranged in an exact column.
How to format content as a table
Write “Contents” on a new sheet of paper and go to the next line. Go to the “Insert” section, then “Table”. Select the number of rows and 2 columns.
An example of a table of contents in a table
Write the names in the left column, numbers in the second. When the entire table is filled, you can leave it as is or make the borders invisible. Mark it, go to “Working with Tables”, then “Borders”. Select No Borders. This plan looks neat.
Contents is a project that reflects the logical structure of an essay or coursework. In the process or thesis, it is necessary to reflect the general focus of the work and the list of issues considered. Sections, subsections and other parts are highlighted precisely, following a logical sequence. Without following these rules, it is impossible to create high-quality work. This is the main guide if designed correctly.
Project structure, design and protection
The project structure should facilitatedisclosure of the chosen topic and its individual issues.All partsdesign work must be outlined in strictlogical sequence and interconnection.
The content of the project should be illustrated by a diagrammi, tables, diagrams, graphs, photographs,drawings, etc. Graphic material according to the text mustgive explanations.The volume of work must be at least 15 printed pages in A4 format (excluding attachments). The project structure contains:
title page;
introduction;
main part;
conclusion (conclusions and proposals);
list of used literature;
applications.
Title page is the first page of the project work. The full name of the organization or institution is indicated in the top field. Full name is indicated in the middle field. and the listener’s position in full, an applied project on the topic “_____”, closer to the left edge of the title page - the position, title, surname, and initials of the teacher. The lower field indicates the place where the work was performed and the year it was written (without the word “year”). A sample title page of a project work is given inAppendix 1.
Content - second page of the work. It gives the headings of the sections of the work and indicates the pages from which they begin. The last word of each heading is connected by an ellipsis to its corresponding page number in the right column of contents. Headings of the same categories of categories must be placed one below the other. The headings of each subsequent stage are shifted three characters to the right in relation to the headings of the previous stage. An example of the content of the work is presented inappendix 2.
Introduction (1-2 pages) provides justification for the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and objectives of the work being carried out. If necessary, abbreviations and designations and regulatory references may be reflected here.
The purpose of the research is to mentally predict the result, determine the optimal ways to solve problems using effective research methods and techniques when writing a paper.
The research objectives are determined by the stated goal and represent specific directions for solving the problem to achieve the research goal.
The introduction should not contain examples, illustrative or tabular material.
Main part. Consists of theoretical and practical parts.
The theoretical part first outlines the maininformation about the object of the project implementation - a specific organization, institution or enterprise, is then disclosedthe essence of the problem under study, various approaches to solving it are considered, and their assessment is given.
In the practical part, a detailed analysis of the subject of research is carried out, its main parameters and characteristics are described. Based on the material presented in the previous sections, a real practical situation is considered and options for solving the problem are proposed.
Conclusion. Here, theoretical and practical conclusions for all sections of the work and suggestions made by the listener are consistently presented. They must be concise and clear, giving a complete picture of the content, significance and validity of the proposals. Conclusions are written in the form of abstracts (point by point) and should reflect the main content of the theory of the issue, analysis and practical situation.
Bibliography (~1-2 pages) is placed at the end of the work after the conclusion. The bibliography is carried out in alphabetical order and should, as a rule, include at least 15 sources, not counting regulations, for all sections of the work.
All sources of information used in the work are referenced in the text in the form of square brackets, in which the serial number under which it is listed in the list of references and the page number of the original source are indicated, for example.
Applications. This should include auxiliary material, which, when included in the main body of the work, clutters up the text. Supporting material includes intermediate mathematical calculations, tables of supporting data, questionnaires, instructions, standard contracts, illustrations (photo materials), etc.
Project design
Project work must be meaningful andwell decorated.The text of the work is performed onone side of the sheetpaperstandard format, sheets of whichstapled in a binder folder.The text should not be abbreviatedny words, with the exception of generally accepted ones.
Text of work it should beprinted on a computer with one and a half line spacing using a fontTimesNewRomanCyr №14. The distance from the sheet border to the text on the left is 25 mm, on the right -15 mm, from the top and bottom lines of text to the sheet border - 20 mm. The page number is placed in the upper right corner.Paragraphs in the text should begin with an indent of 10 mm.
Sections must have ordinalnumbers within the entire work, indicated in Arabic numerals withoutdots at the end. Subsections should be numbered withineach section. The subsection number consists of the section number andsubsection numbers separated by a dot. At the end of the subsection numberthere is no point.
Section and subsection headings should be written from a paragraph with a capital letter without a period at the end, without underlining.Word hyphenation in headingsnot allowed. If the title consists of two sentences, theirseparated by a dot.
The distance between the title and the text should be 15 mm, andbetween section and subsection headings - 8 mm. Each sectionIt is recommended to start from a new sheet (page).
Numbering of items must be within the subsection, and the item number must consist of the section, subsection and item numbers,separated by dots. Paragraphs, as a rule, do not have headings andif necessary, can be divided into subparagraphs thatmust have sequential numbering within each item,for example: 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, etc. At the end of the clause and subclause numberthere is no point.
Formulas contained in the project , placed on separate lines, numbered with continuous numbering in Arabic numerals, whichwritten at the formula level on the right in parentheses. Onethe formula is denoted by (1). Directly below the formula is givendecoding of symbols and numerical coefficients, if they were notexplained earlier in the text. The first line of the transcript beginswith the word “where” without a colon after it. Above and below each formulaAt least one free line must be left.
Numbering of formulas within a section is allowed. In this casethe formula number consists of the section number and the serial numberformulas separated by a dot, for example: (2.4).
Formulas placed in applications , must be numberedfromseparate numbering in Arabic numerals within each application with the addition of a letter designation before each digitapplications, for example: (B. 1).
All materials used in the work are given with reference tosource: in the text after mentioning the material they are indicated inin square brackets the number under which it appears in the listsources used, and page number, for example: .
The text of the work should be short, clear and avoid variousinterpretations.Not allowed in the text:
abbreviate the designations of units of physical quantities if theyused without numbers, with the exception of units of physical quantitiesin tables in the decoding of the letter designations included informulas and drawings;
use the mathematical minus sign (-) in front of the textnegative values. You need to write the word "minus";
use signs (<, >, #, No., %) without numbers.
Numerical values of quantities with the designation of physical unitsquantities and counting values should be written in numbers, and numbers withoutdesignations of units of physical quantities and units of counting from oneto nine - in words.Digital material, as a rule, are drawn up in the formtables(Fig. 1).
Table may have a name that should be executedin lowercase letters (except for the first capital) and placed abovetable. Headings of columns and table rows begin in capitalslettersTables, with the exception of appendix tables, should be numberedArabic numerals with continuous numbering. It is allowed to number tables within a section. In this case, the table number consists of the section number and the table sequence number, separated by a dot.
The inscription "Tab"persons..." indicating its numberplaceabove the table on the left. If the table is not included in the page format, transfer it to another page; when transferring, the words “Continuation of the table...” are written above the table, indicating the table number also on the leftabove her. The name is placed only above its first part.
If all the indicators given in the columns of the table are expressed in the same unit of physical quantity, then its designation must be placed above the table on the right, and when dividing the table into parts - above each part.
The column “Sequence number” is not allowed to be included in the table.If necessary, the serial numbers of indicators are indicated insidebar of the table before their names.
Text repeated in a table column, consisting of singlewords alternating with numbers may be replaced with quotation marks.If the repeated text consists of two or more words, then whenthe first repetition it is replaced with the words “The same”, and then with quotation marks.Put quotation marks instead of repeating numbers, marks, signs,Mathematical symbols are not allowed.
Illustrations, diagrams and graphs can be locatedboth in the text and in the application. They should be numbered ArabContinuously numbered in Chinese numbers, except for illustrationsapplications. If there is only one drawing, then it is designated “Figure 1”. Numbering of drawings is continuous. It is allowed to number illustrations within a section, for example:Figure 1.1.
Illustrations may have a title and explanatory information.(text below the figure). The word "Figure" and the name are placedafter explanatory information.
Illustrations, tables, supporting textmay be given as supplements. The application is drawn up as a continuation of the scientific work on its subsequent sheets. Each application should start on a new page with the indication at the top in the middlethe words "Appendix" followed by a capital Russian letteralphabet indicating its sequence. The application must have a title, which is written symmetrically to the text with a capital letter on a separate line. All applications must have links in the text.
To explain individual data presented in the work, usefootnotes , which are placed indented at the end of the page where they are indicated, separated from the text by a short thin horizontal line on the left side. The footnote sign itself is made in Arabic numerals with a bracket; it is allowed to designate footnotes with asterisks instead of numbers, but use no more than four asterisks. Footnote numbering should be separate for each page.
Upon registration list literature used a number of rules must also be taken into account. The laws of the Russian Federation are placed at the beginning of the list, then the rest of the literature in alphabetical order.
Information about educational, methodological and normative literature must include the surname and initials of the author or authors, title of the book (without quotation marks), place of publication, publishing house, year of publication (without the words “year”), number of pages. For example -Belyaev E.I., Zinoviev Yu.V. Energy audit for preparing an energy passport: Training manual. - Ramenskoye: IPK TEK, 2012- 52 p.
Quoting the author is done only from his work. When the source is not available, it is permitted to use a quotation from the author published in any publication, preceding the bibliographic reference to the source with the words “Quoted by...”. In the case of using someone else's material without reference to the author and source, the course work by the reviewer is not allowed to be defended.
The student places the completed work in his personal account, where it is registered and submitted to the teacher for review.When evaluating work, its content is taken into account,relevance, degree of independence, originalitythe strength of the conclusions and proposals, the quality of the usedmaterial. The teacher checks the work, pre-certifies the student and recommends it for defense. In case of comments, the teacher forwards the project for revision. If the result is positive, after checking the work, the teacher sets a date for the defense.
For the defense, the student submits a printed work, an explanatory note and illustrative material in the form of a presentation, video and audio materials, a photo report, draft regulatory documents, etc. During the defense process, the student reveals the content of the work performed, analyzes the results obtained and draws appropriate conclusions.
The final certification of the listener is organized in public form before the commission. If it is impossible to arrive at the educational site for the defense, it can be organized in a webinar format. Discussion of the events proposed by the listeners takes place within the framework of a round table.
REMINDER
on creating educational projects and presentations
Project method is a learning system, a flexible model of organizing the educational process, focused on the self-realization of the student’s personality, the development of his intellectual qualities and creative abilities.
the purpose of the upcoming actions is formulated;
the main stages are outlined;
the results of each stage are determined in the form of tasks;
project deadlines have been established;
performers have been identified and the functions of each have been assigned;
sources of funds to achieve the goal are identified;
the form of reporting on the results of the project has been determined;
Project activities– this is an educational-cognitive, creative or gaming activity that has a common goal, agreed upon methods, methods of activity, aimed at achieving a common result of the activity.
Types of educational projects
1. Research. A research project means the author’s activity aimed at solving a creative, research problem (task) with a previously unknown solution and presupposing the presence of the main stages characteristic of scientific research.
2. Creative. This type of project requires clear planning of the final results and the form of their presentation. The structure of the project is only outlined and further developed in the course of work, subject to the genre of the final result and the interests of the participants, but already at the very beginning it is specified what the project will be. This could be a joint newspaper, essay, video, etc.
3. Introductory and orientation (informational). This type of project is aimed at working with information about some object or phenomenon. It is expected that project participants will be familiarized with specific information, analyzed and summarized for a wider audience. Such projects, like research projects, require a well-thought-out structure and the ability to adjust it as work progresses.
4.Practice-oriented (applied). These projects are distinguished by the future results of the activities of their participants being clearly defined from the very beginning. For example, a document created based on research findings; action program, recommendations.
The project must contain the following parts:
main part
conclusion (result)
bibliography
title page
brief summary
Stage 1
Choosing the wording of the topic– This is the initial and very serious stage of any research. The topic must be relevant, i.e. practically useful and of scientific interest. When choosing a research topic, the author must be guided by several rules:
the topic should be interesting, captivating, and consistent with the author’s inclinations,
the topic must be feasible, its solution must bring real benefits,
the topic must be original,
the topic should be feasible, the literature sources achievable and comprehensible.
1. Initial stage any project is to justify the relevance of the chosen topic. The explanation of relevance should be terse. The main thing is to show the essence of the problem situation and explain why the research is being conducted.
2. Statement of purpose, i.e. posing a question to which an answer must be obtained. At the same time, the put forward goal must be specific and accessible. The work must be necessary. Its results should be of interest not only to the author himself, but also to some other circle of people.
3. After highlighting the target, you must point to specific tasks that have to be solved (study, describe, establish, find out, derive a formula, etc.).
4. A necessary condition for project work is to determine its object and subject. The part of the object that serves as the subject of research is highlighted.
Object of study– a process or phenomenon that gives rise to a problem situation and is chosen for study.
Subject of study– everything that is within the boundaries of the object of study in a certain aspect of consideration.
5. Proposing a hypothesis– a necessary attribute of any research.
Hypothesis is a scientific assumption put forward to explain some phenomena. A hypothesis arises as a possible solution to a problem.
2 - stage
Carrying out design work:
Collection of experimental data, comparing them with literature data and theoretical predictions.
Once a topic has been chosen, questions that need to be answered are formulated - you need to try to collect as much information as possible about the subject of study.
Work planning implies the need to choose a research methodology, calculate what the required volume of observations or number of experiments should be, estimate what part of the work, how much time it will take you.
Choosing a working method depends on the purpose and subject of the study: observation, comparison, experiment, analysis, synthesis, etc.
3-stage
Registration of the obtained work results
After a detailed study of all scientific literature on the topic of research and a final discussion of the results of one’s own research, the stage of literary design of the work begins - its writing.
Work structure:
Title page,
Introduction,
Main part,
Conclusion,
Bibliography,
Applications.
Title page– the first page of the work (not numbered). The table of contents lists the work items with page numbers. Introduction is a brief justification of the relevance of the chosen topic, goals and objectives. The purpose, objectives and methods of the research are indicated. A review of the literature on this topic is carried out. The main part presents and analyzes the results obtained. The reference number in the text of the work must correspond to the serial number in the list of references. The appendix contains diagrams, graphs, tables, and figures.
Design work plan:
Introduction (justification of relevance, definition of goal, task, object, subject, research hypothesis).
Main part (literature review, research methodology, description of the study).
Conclusion (conclusions and results).
Bibliography.
1. The introduction should include a statement of the problem, reflect the relevance of the topic, a definition of the goals and objectives set for the performer of the work, a description of the object, subject, research hypothesis, and a description of the personal contribution of the author of the work to solving the chosen problem.
Introduction- a very important part of the job. The introduction should clearly answer the following questions:
Why is this problem interesting from the point of view of science or its practical application? What place do the results of this work occupy in the overall solution of the problem? Why was the work done, what was its purpose and to what extent was it achieved?
2. Main part should contain a brief overview of the literature used and sources with the author’s conclusions, the degree of study of this issue, a description of the main facts under consideration, characteristics of methods for solving the problem, a comparison of old and proposed solution methods known to the author, justification for the chosen solution option (efficiency, accuracy, simplicity, clarity, practical significance, etc.). The main part is divided into chapters (paragraphs). At the end of each chapter (paragraph) there should be conclusions. The conclusions essentially repeat what was already said in the previous chapter, but are formulated concisely, without detailed evidence.
3. Conclusion should contain in a concise form the conclusions and results obtained by the author (indicating, if possible, directions for further research and suggestions for possible practical use of the research results).
4. Bibliography contains an alphabetical list of publications, editions and sources used by the author, indicating the publisher, city, and total number of pages.
Generally accepted standards for design work
Font: TimesNewRoman, 14, not bold (except for highlighting the names of sections, subsections, etc.).
Line spacing: one and a half.
Fields: top – 2 cm, bottom – 2 cm, left – 3 cm, right – 1.5 cm.
Pagination– from the second (page with plan or contents).
Paragraphs– indent from the left border of the main text by 1.5 cm.
Text alignment in width.
The page is at least 40% full.
Each section starts on a new page (but not a subsection). Do not put a period after the section title.
The scope of work does not include applications.
Basic principles for developing educational presentations
1. Optimal volume. The most effective visual series is no more than 8 – 20 slides. A presentation consisting of more slides causes fatigue and distracts from the essence of the phenomena being studied.
2. Availability.It is mandatory to take into account the age characteristics and level of training of students. It is necessary to ensure an understanding of the meaning of each word, sentence, concept, to reveal them, relying on the knowledge and experience of students, to use figurative comparisons.
3. Variety of shapes. Implementation of an individual approach to the student, taking into account his ability to perceive the proposed educational material in terms of complexity, volume, content.
4. Taking into account the peculiarities of perceiving information from the screen. Concepts and abstract propositions reach students’ consciousness more easily when they are supported by specific facts, examples and images; Therefore, it is necessary to use different types of visualization.
It is necessary to alternate static images, animation and video clips.
5. Entertaining. The inclusion (without compromising the scientific content) in presentations of funny stories and cartoon characters enlivens the lesson, creates a positive attitude, which contributes to the assimilation of the material and stronger memorization.
6. Beauty and aesthetics. An important role is played by color combinations and consistency of style in the design of slides, and musical accompaniment. Visual learning is based not on abstract concepts and words, but on specific images directly perceived by viewers.
7. Dynamism. It is necessary to select the optimal tempo for changing slides and animation effects for perception.
Creating a presentation consists of three stages:
I. Planning your presentation – this is a multi-step procedure, including defining goals, studying the audience, forming the structure and logic of presenting the material.
II. Presentation development – methodological features of preparing presentation slides, including vertical and horizontal logic, content and correlation of text and graphic information.
III. Presentation rehearsal– this is checking and debugging the created presentation.
Requirements for presentations
Slide design
Maintain a consistent design style.
Avoid styles that will distract from the presentation itself.
Auxiliary information (control buttons) should not prevail over the main information (text, illustrations).
Cool colors are preferred for the background.
Use of color
Animation effects
Use computer animation to present information on a slide. You should not overuse various animation effects; they should not distract attention from the content of the information on the slide.
Use short words and sentences.
Headlines should grab the audience's attention.
Location of information on the page
Horizontal layout of information is preferable.
The most important information should be located in the center of the screen.
If there is a picture on the slide, the caption should be located below it.
Avoid solid text. It is better to use bulleted and numbered lists.
Fonts
For headings – no less than 24. For information – no less than 18.
You cannot mix different types of fonts in one presentation.
Use bold, italics, or underlining to highlight information.
You should not overuse capital letters (they are read worse than lowercase ones).
Ways to highlight information
Frames should be used; borders, fill, hatching, arrows; drawings, diagrams, diagrams to illustrate the most important facts.
Amount of information
You should not fill one slide with too much information: people can remember no more than three facts, conclusions, and definitions at a time. An incomplete slide is better than an overcrowded one.
The greatest effectiveness is achieved when key points are displayed one on each individual slide.
Make the slide simpler. The audience only has about a minute to absorb it.
Project activities of schoolchildren
What is an educational project for a student and a teacher?
Project activities of schoolchildren are cognitive, educational, research and creative activities, as a result of which a solution to a problem appears, which is presented in the form of a project.
For a student, a project is an opportunity to maximize their creative potential. This is an activity that allows you to express yourself individually or in a group, try your hand, apply your knowledge, bring benefit, and publicly show the results achieved. This is an activity aimed at solving an interesting problem formulated by the students themselves. The result of this activity - the found method of solving the problem - is practical in nature and significant for the discoverers themselves.
And for a teacher, an educational project is an integrative didactic means of development, training and education, which allows you to develop and develop specific skills and design skills: problematization, goal setting, activity planning, reflection and self-analysis, presentation and self-presentation, as well as information search, practical application of academic knowledge, self-study, research and creative activities.
Design and research work at school is a new, innovative method that combines educational and cognitive components, gaming, scientific and creative. The main difference between such activities for primary school is that students, first of all, receive the first research skills, due to which the specific qualities of a special way of thinking develop.
Organization of project activities
When organizing project activities in elementary school, the teacher needs to take into account the following aspects:
1. The project assignment must correspond to the age and level of development of the student.
2. The problems of future projects, which should be in the area of interests of students, should be taken into account.
3. Conditions must be created for the successful execution of projects (availability of materials, data, multimedia).
4. Before giving students a project assignment, they should first prepare for conducting such activities.
5. Manage projects, help and advise students.
6. Practice project-based activities with students, while improving general educational skills.
7. When choosing a project topic, do not impose information, but interest them, motivating them to search independently.
8. Discuss with students the choice of sources of information: library, reference books, Internet, periodicals, etc.
9. In the process of preparing for project activities, it is advisable to organize joint excursions, walks, observations, experiments, and events for students.
Types of projects
Research projects. Schoolchildren conduct experiments, study some area, and then present their results in the form of wall newspapers, booklets or computer presentations. Such research projects have a positive impact on the student’s professional self-determination, and can also become the basis for future coursework and diploma work during his student years.
Game projects. They are presented in the form of games and performances, where, playing the roles of some heroes, students offer their solutions to the problems being studied.
Information projects. Students collect and analyze information on a topic, presenting it in the form of a magazine, newspaper, or almanac.
Creative projects. There is huge scope for imagination: the project can be carried out in the form of an extracurricular activity, an environmental action, a video film and much more. There are no limits to imagination.
Choosing a topic and setting a project goal
The choice of project topics can be based on an in-depth study of any educational material in order to expand knowledge, interest children in studying the subject, and improve the learning process.
The project must have a clear, realistically achievable goal. In the most general sense, the goal of the project is always to solve the original problem, but in each specific case this solution has its own unique solution and implementation. This embodiment is a project product, which is created by the author in the course of his work and also becomes a means of solving the project problem.
|
Project type |
Objective of the project |
Project product |
Student activity type |
Formed competence |
|
Practice-oriented |
Solving practical problems of the project customer |
Tutorials, layouts and models, instructions, reminders, recommendations |
Practical activities in a specific educational subject area |
Activity |
|
Research project |
Proof or refutation of any hypothesis |
The result of the research, presented in the form of presentations, wall newspapers, booklets |
Activities related to experimentation, logical mental operations |
Thoughtful |
|
Information project |
Collection of information about any object or phenomenon |
Statistical data, results of public opinion polls, generalization of statements of various authors on any issue, presented in the form of a magazine, newspaper, almanac, presentation |
Activities related to the collection, verification, systematization of information from various sources; communication with people as sources of information |
Information |
|
Creative project |
Attracting public interest in the project problem |
Literary works, works of fine or decorative art, videos, promotions, extracurricular activities |
Creative activities related to receiving feedback from the public |
Communicative |
|
Game or role-playing project |
Providing the public with the experience of participating in solving a project problem |
Event (game, competition, quiz, excursion, etc.) |
Activities related to group communication |
Communicative |
Stages of work on the project
|
Stages of work on the project |
Student activities |
Teacher activities |
|
|
Preparation |
Determining the theme and goals of the project, its starting position. Selection of a working group |
Discuss the topic of the project with the teacher and receive additional information if necessary |
Introduces the meaning of the project approach and motivates students. Helps in defining the purpose of the project. Supervises the work of students. |
|
Planning |
a) Identification of sources of necessary information. |
Create project objectives. Develop an action plan. Select and justify their criteria for the success of project activities. |
Offers ideas, makes assumptions. Supervises students' work. |
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Study |
1. Collection and clarification of information (main tools: interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, etc.) |
Perform project tasks step by step |
Observes, advises, indirectly supervises the activities of students |
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Information analysis. Formulation of conclusions |
Perform research and work on a project, analyzing information. Draw up the project |
Observes, advises (at the request of students) |
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Presentation (defense) of the project and evaluation of its results |
Preparation of a report on the progress of the project with an explanation of the results obtained (possible forms of report: oral report, oral report with demonstration of materials, written report). Analysis of project implementation, achieved results (successes and failures) and the reasons for this |
Present the project, participate in its collective self-analysis and evaluation. |
Listens, asks appropriate questions in the role of an ordinary participant. Directs the analysis process as necessary. Evaluates student effort, quality of report, creativity, quality of use of sources, potential for continuation of the project |
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Evaluation of stages |
Criteria for evaluation |
Points |
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Performance evaluation |
Relevance and novelty of the proposed solutions, complexity of the topic |
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Volume of developments and number of proposed solutions |
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Practical value |
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Level of independence of participants |
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The quality of the design of notes, posters, etc. |
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Reviewer's assessment of the project |
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Protection assessment |
Quality of the report |
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Demonstration of depth and breadth of ideas on the topic presented |
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Demonstration of depth and breadth of ideas on a given subject |
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Answers to teacher questions |
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Answers to teacher questions |
180 – 140 points – “excellent”;
135 – 100 points – “good”;
95 – 65 points – “satisfactory”;
less than 65 points - “unsatisfactory”.
General view and structure of the project explanatory note
Title page.
Table of contents (contents).
Introduction.
Heads of the main part.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Application.
Structural elements of an explanatory note.
Title page
The title page is the first page of the explanatory note and is filled out according to certain rules.
The full name of the educational institution is indicated in the top field. On average, the name of the project is given without the word “topic” and quotation marks. It should be as short and precise as possible - consistent with the main content of the project. If it is necessary to specify the title of the work, then you can give a subtitle, which should be extremely short and not turn into a new title. Next, indicate the last name, first name, school number and class of the designer (in the nominative case). Then the surname and initials of the project manager.
The lower field indicates the place and year the work was performed (without the word “year”).
Following the title page is a table of contents, which lists all the headings of the explanatory note and indicates the pages on which they are located. They cannot be shortened or given in a different wording, sequence or subordination. All blanks are written with a capital letter and without a period at the end. The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.
Introduction to the work
It substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set, formulates the planned result and the main problems considered in the project, indicates interdisciplinary connections, informs who the project is intended for and what is its novelty. The introduction also describes the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic). It is advisable to list the equipment and materials used during the project.
Main chapters
The following is a statement of the goal, and specific tasks to be solved in accordance with it.
The first chapter of the project discusses the proposed methodology and technique for its implementation, and provides a brief review of the literature and other materials on the topic.
In the next chapter (search) it is necessary to develop a bank of ideas and proposals for solving the problem considered in the project.
In the technological part of the project, it is necessary to develop a sequence for executing the object. It may include a list of stages, a technological map that describes the algorithm of operations indicating tools, materials and processing methods.
Next, it is necessary to consider the economic and environmental assessment of the project. In the economic part, a complete calculation of the costs of manufacturing the designed product is presented. Next is project advertising and marketing research. Particular attention must be paid to the environmental assessment of the project: justification that the manufacture and operation of the designed product will not entail changes in the environment or disruptions in human life.
Conclusion
At the conclusion of the project, the results obtained are outlined, their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the Introduction is determined, and students are given a self-assessment of the work they have done.
Bibliography
After the Conclusion there is a list of references used. All borrowings must necessarily have subscript references to where the given materials were taken from.
Applications
Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in appendices. The application contains tables, text, graphs, maps, drawings. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in the work, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign), for example: “Appendix 1”, “Appendix 2”, etc. The numbering of the pages on which appendices are given must be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Through it, applications are carried out through links that are used with the word “look” (see), enclosed together with the code in parentheses.
When writing a creative or scientific project, there are strict rules for the design of the title page: you must indicate your scientific consultant, the name of the educational institution, the year the work was submitted and the full name. You will learn exactly how to place this data on a sheet and what fonts to use in this article.
Start writing the title page: go to Microsoft Office Word or a program more convenient for you, and set the font to Times New Roman, size 16. Mark the center alignment of the text.Write the full name of your educational institution; you can inquire about it on the Internet or in advance from your academic advisor.
You should make a page layout that complies with the design rules. Go to the “Page Layout” tab in the program header and select the “Margins” box. At the very bottom of the list you will see the line “Custom Fields”.
- Align top and bottom by 15 mm.
- Right 10 mm.
- Left 20 mm.
This way your project will look neatest, and in the future you will have the opportunity to stitch it along the left side.
Change the font to 16 and set the alignment to right. Write your name after the words “Author:”, and the name of the scientific consultant after “Consultant:”. Be sure to include a colon and bold these words.
Names are indicated with initials.
Check with your consultant in advance to determine exactly how to record their role in your work. If the teacher gave you advice and guidance throughout the work on the project, then, most often, he fits in as a consultant. In serious and voluminous works for scientific conferences, the teacher can be recorded as “Research Fellow” if he was directly involved in writing the work.
You can see slightly different design options in the short video below:
