Conventional designation of emergency lamps. Designation of electrical elements on the diagrams
GOST 2.732-68 ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sources of light. Lamp designation on the diagram
Designation of fixtures on the drawings according to GOST
If you have ever thought about a design renovation, then you have probably been notified that engineering plans for the premises will be created. In this technical documentation, the designations of LED lamps in the drawings according to GOST are carried out in accordance with existing standards and norms, however, a person who does not have a technical education will not be able to understand such a “map”.
In fact, there is nothing complicated in this process, but you just need to find a list of symbols that are used today. Of course, the GOST documentation and format is reviewed from time to time, but it does not change dramatically, it is only supplemented.
The relevance of the use of drawings
When planning a repair, creating a drawing with the designations of fixtures according to GOST seems to many customers a waste of money and time, since construction work can be performed without this document. Of course, in the past everything was exactly like that, but over time the situation is gradually changing.
Find out how well you know lighting! Answer 7 questions (quiz)
Time limit: 0
Information
The test will show you: are you good at lighting?
You have already taken the test before. You cannot run it again.
Test is loading...
You must login or register in order to start the test.
You must complete the following tests to start this one:
Correct answers: 0 out of 7
Your time:
Time is over
You scored 0 out of 0 points (0)
Congratulations, you passed the test!
- With an answer
- Checked out
One of the main problems is the increasing complexity of the infrastructure. Today, builders and craftsmen are forced to hide a huge amount of wires, cables and wiring in walls and floors in order to power all the electronics they use. In the drawings according to GOST, each wire and other elements are indicated so that, if additional work is necessary, nothing important is damaged. You need to know the designation of fixtures in order to be able to read such plans.
Moreover, the use of lamp or chandelier designation signs can significantly speed up the work, since the foreman does not need to make any decision on the placement of lighting fixtures - everything was decided in advance by a specialized specialist. In this case, the chance of error is significantly reduced, which prevents unnecessary financial losses.
It should be understood that on the territory of each country there is a separate GOST, even among the countries of the former USSR and the CIS. For this reason, it is impossible to download the first list of projects with markings from the Internet and use it - the builder may simply not understand it. Nevertheless, a single list of signs and symbols is often used, but the requirements differ in the rules of design and other similar trifles.
How to "read" the lighting scheme according to GOST?
So, if you decide to understand the technical documentation presented to you, then you should make sure that a number of important points are being met. First of all, it is worth remembering that all sizes according to GOST are indicated in millimeters, which at first scares many people who have not encountered such a system.
Moreover, if you do not have the necessary experience, then you should know the approximate layout of the room. If this is your house, room or dwelling, then you should not have any problems with this. Otherwise, it is recommended to try to find photos in order to have an association. It is extremely difficult to imagine the design of the future premises according to only one plan.
As mentioned earlier, there are really a lot of symbols for indoor lighting - there are special symbols even for certain types of lighting fixtures, which makes it difficult to read. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the symbols for lamps are often used, which are shown in the following illustration.
If the designer or planner wishes to use alternative designations, then they are indicated in a special reference section, which is usually presented on the last pages of the plan or in the appendix.
- Find symbols;
- Combine the plan with the location of the room in space;
- Try to visually imagine the room and the placement of the fixtures.
In general, GOST planning was created in such a way that everyone could understand this process. Be sure that soon you will be able to understand the presented drawing, and, if necessary, make the required changes.
cdelct.ru
Symbols of fixtures | Power supply design
When designing lighting, it is important not only to know how the fixtures are designated, but also to have convenient dynamic blocks for quickly completing lighting plans. Consider the symbols of lamps, regulatory documents and blocks of lamps.
I am currently reworking all my dynamic blocks. I will talk about this in more detail shortly.
And now I want to tell only about the symbols of lamps and demonstrate my blocks used on lighting plans.
Symbols for luminaires are presented in the following standards:
1 GOST 21.614-88. Images of conditional graphic electrical equipment and wiring on the plans. 2 GOST 21.210-2014. Conditional graphic symbols of electrical equipment and wiring on the plans.
GOST 21.210-2014 was released relatively recently to replace GOST 21.614-88 on the territory of the Russian Federation. At the moment, GOST 21.614-88 is still valid in Belarus.
Despite this, in my symbols there are symbols from two GOSTs, and there are also symbols invented by me.
For interior lighting, I use the following luminaire conventions:
I have adopted these designations based on design experience and do not contradict the requirements of GOST.
It is allowed to use additional symbols that are not provided for in this standard, explaining them on the drawing or in the general data on working drawings.
For outdoor lighting, I adopted the following conventions for fixtures placed on brackets and supports:
In fact, I do not use all these notations. But suddenly come in handy
And now I want to demonstrate 3 dynamic lighting blocks for the AutoCAD program:
1 Luminaires for interior lighting
2 Linear luminaires for interior lighting.
3 Outdoor lighting fixtures.
220blog.ru
Light bulb designation on the electrical diagram and drawings
Each professional must speak a certain language appropriate to his profession. In electrical engineering, this language is the graphical language of electrical/electronic circuits. In this language, it is most convenient to describe (or rather, draw) the objects with which the electrician works. Moreover, both in the case of building some new structures, conducting wiring or an entire power supply or lighting system, manufacturing electrical appliances, and in the case of eliminating accidents, improving circuits, or simply connecting new objects to existing systems.
An electrician should be able, for example, with a cursory glance at a problem that has arisen somewhere, to see with a professional eye the possible causes of a malfunction and quickly sketch out his hypotheses in the form of a diagram on any piece of paper. And even then solve the problem or explain to someone the options for a possible solution.
The language of schemes is to some extent the language of specific hieroglyphs, and their knowledge is just a kind of literacy. In many ways, the designations are made logically understandable, since they often come from drawings of the corresponding designated objects or their details.
Two types of designations on electrical diagrams
Graphic symbols should be intuitive at a glance. But there are many properties that are difficult to convey with a simple picture. Therefore, on all schemes where specificity is required - and these are all schemes designed for practical use - conditional graphic symbols are supplemented with alphabetic or digital inscriptions.
That is, the designations on the diagrams can be attributed to:
- Graphic.
- Signed - alphabetic or numeric.
It is also worth highlighting the designations that are reduced to various tables, specifications, explanatory texts, usually attached to the diagrams. The most important property of such designations should be the unambiguous identification of each object reflected in the diagram. This applies both to the type of the depicted object, for example, a switch, light bulb, stabilizer, and to a specific number on the diagram or its electrical, installation, physical and other properties.
When drawing diagrams, computer programs are now usually used, which automatically give a beautiful, understandable and conveniently placed picture, however, just as we all know how to write with a pencil or pen, we should be able to draw a diagram - at least in a general form and in a draft .
And this despite the fact that there are many programs written for the formation and drawing of circuits.
Graphic symbols of electrical objects are generally accepted and can be used in diagrams, plans and drawings of various types: circuit diagrams, wiring plans, wiring plans, wiring, etc. These symbols, like varieties of any graphic documentation, are regulated by standards. The last of these standards can be called GOST IEC 60617-DB-12M-2015 "Graphic symbols for circuits".
Of all the variety of diagrams where electrical elements are depicted, we are primarily interested in diagrams and symbols on them relating to lighting and lighting systems. With a serious professional approach, the lighting system of an object under construction is part of the overall project, and after the completion of construction and from the beginning of the use of the object, all electrical circuits must be stored in a safe place for the entire period of operation of the building. Although in practice it is often different.
Let's take a brief look at the example of the types of graphic documents related to the electrical part of the project.
Plan of the building (apartment)
Very conditionally, even schematically, the layout of the rooms, the position of the openings and the dimensions are shown on the plan.
In this diagram, it is important how, at what points to illuminate the room of a given configuration.
Of course, the supply of energy to the lamps also plays a role in this, so it is quite appropriate to depict it here. This is easy to do in accordance with the developed standards: GOST 21.608 and GOST 21.614.
Outlet network of the room
The layout of sockets organically complements the lighting scheme.
As you can see, the diagrams are simple, it is quite possible to draw them even at home when doing some work on the creation and modernization of a household electrical network. It is important to be able to navigate in such schemes.
The power chart gives more technical details, so it has a lot of alphanumeric designations and quantitative data. And the data on the spatial arrangement is already given in the previous three, therefore, on the power diagram, the information is presented in the form of a schematic single-line table.
The conventions that have met here, using the example of these schemes, can be considered the most common. Everyone usually knows them. The full list of graphic designations is given by the GOSTs given above.
Here we will also list them, there are not so many of them, it is important to consider them and understand the logic of depicting various properties and details in them.
Graphic symbols on the diagrams
Since we are more interested in lighting devices, lamps and other fixtures in this list are brought forward. We will bring the rest of the equipment, but after them.
Letter designations in electrical circuits
Letter designations are abbreviations that, in terms of meaning, are also easily deciphered and remembered. Everything is done in accordance with GOST 7624-54, you can bring them here.
The letter designations of electronic circuit elements are also known to everyone. They are often denoted by Latin letters, as an abbreviation for the corresponding names of physical quantities. For example, R - resistance, electrical resistance.
Well, that's all that may be needed to draw or, conversely, understand the electrical supply schemes of the premises.
lampagid.ru
ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sources of light
SOURCES OF LIGHT
GOST 2.732-68
IPK STANDARDS PUBLISHING HOUSE
GOST 2.732-68 |
Introduction date 01.01.71
Table 1
Name |
Designation |
1. (Deleted, Rev. No. 2). |
|
2. Pressure |
|
a) low |
|
b) high |
|
c) super high |
|
3. Pulse radiation |
|
4. Gas filling: |
|
6. Arc electrode |
|
table 2
Name |
Designation |
a) with three leads |
|
b) with four conclusions |
|
a) with two leads |
|
b) with four conclusions |
|
a) electrodeless |
|
b) with simple electrodes: |
|
f) with a self-heating cathode |
|
a) with simple electrodes |
|
a) with simple electrodes |
|
Notes to paragraphs. 4 - 6: |
|
electroluminescent - EL, fluorescent - FL. |
|
b) incandescent |
|
12. Arc lamp: |
|
a) the electrodes are coaxial |
|
INFORMATION DATA
DEVELOPERS
V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, E.G. Old timer, B.C. Murashov, G.G. Gevorkyan, L.S. Krupalnik, G.N. Granatovich, V.A. Smirnova, E.V. Purizhinskaya, Yu.B. Karlinsky, V.G. Chertkova, G.S. Plis, Yu.P. Leichik.
aquagroup.com
GOST 2.732-68 ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sources of light
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR
UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC DESIGNATIONS IN SCHEMES
SOURCES OF LIGHT
GOST 2.732-68
IPK STANDARDS PUBLISHING HOUSE
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR
Unified system of design documentation CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC DESIGNATIONS IN SCHEMES. SOURCES OF LIGHT Unified system for design documentation. Graphic identifications in schemes. Light sources |
GOST 2.732-68 |
Introduction date 01.01.71
1. This standard establishes the conventional graphic designations of light sources on manual or automated diagrams for products of all industries and construction.
(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).
1. Designations of elements of electrovacuum devices - according to GOST 2.731.
2. The designations of the elements of the light sources are given in Table. 1.
Table 1
Name |
Designation |
1. (Deleted, Rev. No. 2). |
|
2. Pressure |
|
a) low |
|
b) high |
|
c) super high |
|
3. Pulse radiation |
|
4. Gas filling: |
|
a) with an internal reflective layer Note. The position of the line inside the balloon indicating the inner reflective layer is not set. |
|
b) with an external reflective layer |
|
6. Arc electrode |
|
(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1, 2).
3. Examples of construction of designations of light sources are given in Table. 2.
table 2
Name |
Designation |
1. Incandescent lighting and signal lamp. General designation. Note. If it is necessary to indicate the color of the lamp, the following designations may be used: C2 - red; C4 - yellow; C5 - green; C6 - blue; C9 - white |
|
1a. Lamp with flashing light signaling |
|
2. Two-filament incandescent lamp: |
|
a) with three leads |
|
b) with four conclusions |
|
3. Gas-discharge lighting and signal lamp. General designation: |
|
a) with two leads |
|
b) with four conclusions |
|
4. Low pressure discharge lamp: |
|
a) electrodeless |
|
b) with simple electrodes: |
|
for DC operation |
|
for AC operation |
|
c) with combined electrodes |
|
d) with combined electrodes with preheating |
|
e) with a combined electrode for operation with direct and alternating current |
|
f) with a self-heating cathode |
|
5. High pressure discharge lamp: |
|
a) with simple electrodes |
|
b) with combined electrodes and external ignition |
|
6. Ultra high pressure gas discharge lamp: |
|
a) with simple electrodes |
|
b) with combined electrodes and internal ignition |
|
Notes to paragraphs. 4 - 6: 1. If necessary, it is allowed to designate lamps with a self-heating cathode as follows, for example: |
|
a) a low-pressure gas discharge lamp with simple electrodes and a self-heating cathode |
|
b) high-pressure gas-discharge lamp with combined electrodes, preheated with self-heating cathodes |
|
2. Gas-discharge lamps are allowed to be depicted in an elongated cylinder, for example, a low-pressure gas-discharge lamp with combined electrodes and preheating |
|
7. Discharge lamp with liquid cathode and external ignition |
|
8. Gas-discharge impulse lamp: |
|
a) low pressure with simple electrodes and external ignition |
|
b) high pressure with combined electrodes and internal ignition |
|
Note. (Deleted, Rev. No. 1). |
|
9. Gas discharge lamp, low pressure with combined electrodes, with preheating, ultraviolet radiation |
|
Note to paragraphs. 3 - 9. Letter designations are used to indicate the type of discharge lamps: electroluminescent - EL, fluorescent - FL. |
|
For example, a low pressure gas discharge lamp with simple fluorescent electrodes |
|
10. Incandescent infrared lamp |
|
10a. Incandescent lamp with reducing iodine cycle |
|
11. Lamp with internal reflective layer: |
|
a) low pressure gas discharge with combined electrodes |
|
b) incandescent |
|
12. Arc lamp: |
|
a) the electrodes are coaxial |
|
b) the electrodes are located at an angle |
|
13. Electroluminescent non-switched display device |
|
14. Switched electroluminescent display device: |
|
a) with one-way control |
|
b) with two-way control |
|
15. Starter for gas discharge lamps |
(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1, 3).
4. Dimensions of the conventional graphic designation of the incandescent lamp
(Introduced additionally, Rev. No. 1).
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
DEVELOPERS
V.R. Verchenko, Yu.I. Stepanov, E.G. Old-timer, V. S. Murashov, G.G. Gevorkyan, L.S. Krupalnik, G.N. Granatovich, V.A. Smirnova, E.V. Purizhinskaya, Yu.B. Karlinsky, V.G. Chertkova, G.S. Plis, Yu.P. Leichik.
2. APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 14.08.68, No. 1296.
3. INSTEAD OF GOST 7624-62 in part of Sec. 12, subsection AND.
4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
5. REPUBLICATION (December 1997) with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3, approved in December 1980, April 1987, March 1994 (IUS 3-81, 7-87, 5-94).
More documents free download
www.gosthelp.ru
Symbols on electrical diagrams according to GOST: alphabetic, graphic
To understand what is specifically drawn on a diagram or drawing, you need to know the decoding of those icons that are on it. This recognition is also called drawing reading. And to facilitate this lesson, almost all elements have their own conventional icons. Almost, because the standards have not been updated for a long time and some elements are drawn by everyone as best they can. But, for the most part, symbols in electrical circuits are in regulatory documents.
Symbols in electrical circuits: lamps, transformers, measuring instruments, main element base
Normative base
There are about a dozen varieties of electrical circuits, the number of different elements that can be found there is in the tens, if not hundreds. To facilitate the recognition of these elements, uniform symbols have been introduced in electrical circuits. All rules are written in GOSTs. There are a lot of these standards, but the main information is in the following standards:
Regulatory documents that spell out the graphic designations of the element base of electrical circuits
Studying GOSTs is a useful thing, but it takes time, which not everyone has enough of. Therefore, in the article we present the symbols in electrical circuits - the main element base for creating drawings and wiring diagrams, circuit diagrams of devices.
Designation of electrical elements on the diagrams
Some experts, having carefully looked at the circuit, can say what it is and how it works. Some may even immediately give out possible problems that may arise during operation. Everything is simple - they know the circuitry and the element base well, and are also well versed in the symbols of the circuit elements. Such a skill has been developed over the years, and, for "dummies", it is important to remember the most common ones first.
Designation of LED, zener diode, transistor (different types)
Electrical panels, cabinets, boxes
On the power supply diagrams of a house or apartment, there will necessarily be a designation of an electrical panel or cabinet. In apartments, the terminal device is mainly installed there, since the wiring does not go further. In houses, they can design the installation of a branching electrical cabinet - if a route goes from it to illuminate other buildings located at some distance from the house - a bathhouse, a summer kitchen, a guest house. These other designations are in the next picture.
Designation of electrical elements on the diagrams: cabinets, shields, panels
If we talk about images of the "stuffing" of electrical panels, it is also standardized. There are symbols for RCDs, circuit breakers, buttons, current and voltage transformers, and some other elements. They are shown in the following table (there are two pages in the table, scroll by clicking on the word "Next")
1 | Circuit breaker (automatic) |
2 | Knife switch (load switch) |
3 | Thermal relay (overheating protection) |
4 | RCD (residual current device) |
5 | Differential automaton (difavtomat) |
6 | Fuse |
7 | Switch (knife switch) with fuse |
8 | Circuit breaker with built-in thermal relay (for motor protection) |
9 | Current transformer |
10 | voltage transformer |
11 | electricity meter |
12 | A frequency converter |
13 | Button with automatic opening of contacts after pressing |
14 | Button with contact opening when pressed again |
15 | Button with a special switch to disable (stop, for example) |
Element base for wiring diagrams
When drawing up or reading a diagram, the designations of wires, terminals, grounding, zero, etc. will also come in handy. This is what a novice electrician simply needs or in order to understand what is shown in the drawing and in what sequence its elements are connected.
An example of the use of the above graphics is in the following diagram. Thanks to the letter designations, everything is clear even without graphics, but duplication of information in the diagrams has never been superfluous.
An example of a power supply circuit and a graphic representation of the wires on it
Picture of sockets
On the wiring diagram, the installation locations of sockets and switches should be marked. There are many types of sockets - for 220 V, for 380 V, hidden and open type of installation, with a different number of "seats", waterproof, etc. To give the designation of each is too long and useless. It is important to remember how the main groups are depicted, and the number of contact groups is determined by the strokes.
Designation of sockets in the drawings
Sockets for a single-phase 220 V network are indicated on the diagrams in the form of a semicircle with one or more segments sticking up. The number of segments is the number of sockets on one body (illustrated in the photo below). If only one plug can be plugged into the outlet, one segment is drawn up, if two, two, etc.
Symbols for sockets in electrical circuits
If you look at the images closely, notice that the symbolic image on the right does not have the horizontal bar that separates the two halves of the icon. This feature indicates that the socket is flush-mounted, that is, it is necessary to make a hole in the wall under it, install a socket box, etc. The option on the right is for surface mounting. A non-conductive substrate is attached to the wall, and the socket itself is attached to it.
Also note that the bottom of the left schematic is crossed out with a vertical line. This indicates the presence of a protective contact, to which grounding is applied. The installation of sockets with grounding is mandatory when turning on complex household appliances such as a washing machine or dishwasher, oven, etc.
Designation of a three-phase socket in the drawings
You can’t confuse the symbol of a three-phase socket (for 380 V) with anything. The number of segments sticking up is equal to the number of conductors that are connected to this device - three phases, zero and ground. Total five.
It happens that the lower part of the image is painted over with black (dark). This means that the outlet is waterproof. These are placed on the street, in rooms with high humidity (baths, pools, etc.).
Switch display
The schematic designation of switches looks like a small circle with one or more L- or T-shaped branches. Branches in the form of the letter "G" designate an open-mounted switch, with the form of the letter "T" - flush-mounted. The number of taps displays the number of keys on this device.
Conventional graphic symbols of switches on electrical diagrams
In addition to the usual ones, there may be walk-through switches - for the possibility of turning on / off one light source from several points. Two letters "G" are added to the same small circle from opposite sides. This is the designation of a single-key pass-through switch.
What does a schematic representation of walk-through switches look like
Unlike conventional switches, in these, when using two-button models, one more bar is added parallel to the top one.
Lamps and fixtures
Lamps have their own designations. Moreover, fluorescent lamps (fluorescent) and incandescent lamps differ. The diagrams even show the shape and size of the fixtures. In this case, you just need to remember how each type of lamp looks on the diagram.
Image of fixtures on diagrams and drawings
Radioelements
When reading circuit diagrams of devices, you need to know the symbols for diodes, resistors, and other similar elements.
Symbols of radioelements in drawings
Knowing the conditional graphic elements will help you read almost any diagram - some kind of device or electrical wiring. The ratings of the required parts are sometimes affixed next to the image, but in large multi-element circuits they are written in a separate table. It contains the letter designations of the circuit elements and the denominations.
Letter designations
In addition to the fact that the elements on the diagrams have conditional graphic names, they have letter designations, which are also standardized (GOST 7624-55).
1 | Switch, controller, switch | IN |
2 | Electric generator | G |
3 | Diode | D |
4 | Rectifier | Vp |
5 | Sound alarm (bell, siren) | Sv |
6 | Button | Kn |
7 | incandescent lamp | L |
8 | Electrical engine | M |
9 | Fuse | Etc |
10 | Contactor, magnetic starter | TO |
11 | Relay | R |
12 | Transformer (autotransformer) | Tr |
13 | plug connector | W |
14 | Electromagnet | Em |
15 | Resistor | R |
16 | Capacitor | WITH |
17 | Inductor | L |
18 | Control button | Ku |
19 | Terminal switch | Kv |
20 | Throttle | dr |
21 | Telephone | T |
22 | Microphone | Mk |
23 | Speaker | Gr |
24 | Battery (galvanic cell) | B |
25 | Main engine | Dg |
26 | Cooling pump motor | Before |
Please note that in most cases Russian letters are used, but the resistor, capacitor and inductor are indicated in Latin letters.
There is one subtlety in the designation of the relay. They are of different types, respectively marked:
- current relay - RT;
- power - RM;
- voltage - pH;
- time - RV;
- resistance - RS;
- index - RU;
- intermediate - RP;
- gas - RG;
- with time delay - RTV.
Basically, these are only the most conventional symbols in electrical circuits. But most of the drawings and plans you can now understand. If you need to know images of rarer elements, study GOSTs.
www.mdou34.ru
Symbol sizes
A selection of materials from GOST related to the size of images of conventional graphic symbols for electrical circuit elements.
All images are inserted from GOST without changes.
GOST 2.701-84 Schemes types and types. General performance requirements (fragment)
2.4.2. Conditional graphic symbols of elements are depicted in the sizes established in the standards for conventional graphic symbols. Conditional graphic symbols, the size ratios of which are given in the relevant standards on a modular grid, should be depicted on the diagrams in sizes determined vertically and horizontally by the number of steps of the modular grid M (Fig. 2a). In this case, the step of the modular grid for each scheme can be any, but the same for all elements and devices of this scheme.
Conditional graphic symbols of elements, the dimensions of which are not established in these standards, must be depicted on the diagram in the sizes in which they are made in the relevant standards for graphic symbols.
The dimensions of the conventional graphic symbols, as well as the thickness of their lines, must be the same on all diagrams for a given product (installation).
Notes:
1. All sizes of graphic symbols can be proportionally changed.
2. Conditional graphic designations of elements used as components of designations of other elements (devices) may be depicted as reduced in comparison with other elements (for example, a resistor in a rhombic antenna, valves in a dividing panel).
GOST 2.722-68 Electric machines (detail)
9. Dimensions of the main elements of conventional graphic symbols, table. 3.
GOST 2.721-74 Designations for general use. Table 7
GOST 2.728-74 Resistors, capacitors (fragment)
7. The sizes of conventional graphic symbols are given in table. 6. All geometric elements of the graphic symbols should be made with lines of the same thickness as the electrical communication lines.
Table 6
GOST 2.730-73 Semiconductor devices (detail)
APPENDIX 2 Reference Dimensions (in a modular grid) of the main conventional graphic symbols
GOST 2.732-68 LIGHT SOURCES (detail)
4. Dimensions of the conventional graphic designation of the incandescent lamp
GOST 2.747-68 Dimensions of conventional graphic symbols (fragment)
2. The sizes of conventional graphic symbols are given in the table.
GOST 2.755-87 SWITCHING DEVICES AND CONTACT CONNECTIONS (fragment)
The dimensions (in a modular grid) of the main conventional graphic symbols are given in Table 10. Table 10
Voltage and current stabilizer circuits
Voltage and current stabilizer circuits
Circuit Motion Sensors
Circuit Motion Sensors
Wiring diagrams in the house
If you have ever thought about a design renovation, then you have probably been notified that engineering plans for the premises will be created. In this technical documentation, the designations of LED lamps in the drawings according to GOST are carried out in accordance with existing standards and norms, however, a person who does not have a technical education will not be able to understand such a “map”.
In fact, there is nothing complicated in this process, but you just need to find a list of symbols that are used today. Of course, the GOST documentation and format is reviewed from time to time, but it does not change dramatically, it is only supplemented.
The relevance of the use of drawings
When planning a repair, creating a drawing with the designations of fixtures according to GOST seems to many customers a waste of money and time, since construction work can be performed without this document. Of course, in the past everything was exactly like that, but over time the situation is gradually changing.
One of the main problems is the increasing complexity of the infrastructure. Today, builders and craftsmen are forced to hide a huge amount of wires, cables and wiring in walls and floors in order to power all the electronics they use. In the drawings according to GOST, each wire and other elements are indicated so that, if additional work is necessary, nothing important is damaged. You need to know the designation of fixtures in order to be able to read such plans.
Moreover, the use of lamp or chandelier designation signs can significantly speed up the work, since the foreman does not need to make any decision on the placement of lighting fixtures - everything was decided in advance by a specialized specialist. In this case, the chance of error is significantly reduced, which prevents unnecessary financial losses.
It should be understood that the The territory of each country has its own separate GOST, even among the countries of the former USSR and the CIS. For this reason, it is impossible to download the first list of projects with markings from the Internet and use it - the builder may simply not understand it. Nevertheless, a single list of signs and symbols is often used, but the requirements differ in the rules of design and other similar trifles.
How to "read" the lighting scheme according to GOST?
So, if you decide to understand the technical documentation presented to you, then you should make sure that a number of important points are being met. First of all, it is worth remembering that all sizes according to GOST are indicated in millimeters, which at first scares many people who have not encountered such a system.
Moreover, if you do not have the necessary experience, then you should know the approximate layout of the room. If this is your house, room or dwelling, then you should not have any problems with this. Otherwise, it is recommended to try to find photos in order to have an association. It is extremely difficult to imagine the design of the future premises according to only one plan.
As mentioned earlier, there are really a lot of symbols for indoor lighting - there are special symbols even for certain types of lighting fixtures, which makes it difficult to read. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the symbols for lamps are often used, which are shown in the following illustration.
If the designer or planner wishes to use alternative designations, then they are indicated in a special reference section, which is usually presented on the last pages of the plan or in the appendix.
- Find symbols;
- Combine the plan with the location of the room in space;
- Try to visually imagine the room and the placement of the fixtures.
In general, GOST planning was created in such a way that everyone could understand this process. Be sure that soon you will be able to understand the presented drawing, and, if necessary, make the required changes.
Each professional must speak a certain language appropriate to his profession. In electrical engineering, this language is the graphical language of electrical/electronic circuits. In this language, it is most convenient to describe (or rather, draw) the objects with which the electrician works. Moreover, both in the case of building some new structures, conducting wiring or an entire power supply or lighting system, manufacturing electrical appliances, and in the case of eliminating accidents, improving circuits, or simply connecting new objects to existing systems.
An electrician should be able, for example, with a cursory glance at a problem that has arisen somewhere, to see with a professional eye the possible causes of a malfunction and quickly sketch out his hypotheses in the form of a diagram on any piece of paper. And even then solve the problem or explain to someone the options for a possible solution.
The language of schemes is to some extent the language of specific hieroglyphs, and their knowledge is just a kind of literacy. In many ways, the designations are made logically understandable, since they often come from drawings of the corresponding designated objects or their details.
Two types of designations on electrical diagrams
Graphic symbols should be intuitive at a glance. But there are many properties that are difficult to convey with a simple picture. Therefore, on all schemes where specificity is required - and these are all schemes designed for practical use - conditional graphic symbols are supplemented with alphabetic or digital inscriptions.
That is, the designations on the diagrams can be attributed to:
- Graphic.
- Signed - alphabetic or numeric.
It is also worth highlighting the designations that are reduced to various tables, specifications, explanatory texts, usually attached to the diagrams. The most important property of such designations should be the unambiguous identification of each object reflected in the diagram. This applies both to the type of the depicted object, for example, a switch, light bulb, stabilizer, and to a specific number on the diagram or its electrical, installation, physical and other properties.
When drawing diagrams, computer programs are now usually used, which automatically give a beautiful, understandable and conveniently placed picture, however, just as we all know how to write with a pencil or pen, we should be able to draw a diagram - at least in a general form and in a draft .
And this despite the fact that there are many programs written for the formation and drawing of circuits.
Graphic symbols of electrical objects are generally accepted and can be used in diagrams, plans and drawings of various types: circuit diagrams, wiring plans, wiring plans, wiring, etc. These symbols, like varieties of any graphic documentation, are regulated by standards. The last of these standards can be called GOST IEC 60617-DB-12M-2015 "Graphic symbols for circuits".
Of all the variety of diagrams where electrical elements are depicted, we are primarily interested in diagrams and symbols on them relating to lighting and lighting systems. With a serious professional approach, the lighting system of an object under construction is part of the overall project, and after the completion of construction and from the beginning of the use of the object, all electrical circuits must be stored in a safe place for the entire period of operation of the building. Although in practice it is often different.
Let's take a brief look at the example of the types of graphic documents related to the electrical part of the project.
Plan of the building (apartment)
Very conditionally, even schematically, the layout of the rooms, the position of the openings and the dimensions are shown on the plan.
In this diagram, it is important how, at what points to illuminate the room of a given configuration.
Of course, the supply of energy to the lamps also plays a role in this, so it is quite appropriate to depict it here. This is easy to do in accordance with the developed standards: GOST 21.608 and GOST 21.614.
Outlet network of the room
The layout of sockets organically complements the lighting scheme.
As you can see, the diagrams are simple, it is quite possible to draw them even at home when doing some work on the creation and modernization of a household electrical network. It is important to be able to navigate in such schemes.
The power chart gives more technical details, so it has a lot of alphanumeric designations and quantitative data. And the data on the spatial arrangement is already given in the previous three, therefore, on the power diagram, the information is presented in the form of a schematic single-line table.
The conventions that have met here, using the example of these schemes, can be considered the most common. Everyone usually knows them. The full list of graphic designations is given by the GOSTs given above.
Here we will also list them, there are not so many of them, it is important to consider them and understand the logic of depicting various properties and details in them.
Graphic symbols on the diagrams
Since we are more interested in lighting devices, lamps and other fixtures in this list are brought forward. We will bring the rest of the equipment, but after them.
Letter designations in electrical circuits
Letter designations are abbreviations that, in terms of meaning, are also easily deciphered and remembered. Everything is done in accordance with GOST 7624-54, you can bring them here.
The letter designations of electronic circuit elements are also known to everyone. They are often denoted by Latin letters, as an abbreviation for the corresponding names of physical quantities. For example, R - resistance, electrical resistance.
Well, that's all that may be needed to draw or, conversely, understand the electrical supply schemes of the premises.
The ability to read wiring diagrams is an important component, without which it is impossible to become a specialist in the field of electrical work. Every novice electrician must know how sockets, switches, switching devices and even an electricity meter are indicated on the wiring project in accordance with GOST. Next, we will provide readers of the site with symbols in electrical circuits, both graphic and alphabetic.
Graphic
As for the graphic designation of all the elements used in the diagram, we will provide this overview in the form of tables in which the products will be grouped according to their purpose.
In the first table you can see how electrical boxes, boards, cabinets and panels are marked on the wiring diagrams:
The next thing you should know is the symbol for power sockets and switches (including walk-throughs) on single-line diagrams of apartments and private houses:
As for lighting elements, fixtures and lamps according to GOST are indicated as follows:
In more complex schemes where electric motors are used, elements such as:
It is also useful to know how transformers and chokes are graphically indicated on circuit diagrams:
Electrical measuring instruments according to GOST have the following graphic designation in the drawings:
And here, by the way, is a table useful for beginner electricians, which shows how the ground loop looks on the wiring plan, as well as the power line itself:
In addition, on the diagrams you can see a wavy or straight line, “+” and “-”, which indicate the type of current, voltage and pulse shape:
In more complex automation schemes, you may encounter obscure graphic symbols, such as contact connections. Remember how these devices are indicated on the wiring diagrams:
In addition, you should be aware of how radio elements look on projects (diodes, resistors, transistors, etc.):
That's all conditionally graphic designations in electrical circuits of power circuits and lighting. As you yourself have already seen, there are quite a lot of components and you can remember how each is designated only with experience. Therefore, we recommend that you save all these tables for yourself, so that when reading the project for the wiring of a house or apartment, you can immediately determine what kind of circuit element is in a certain place.
Interesting video
When designing lighting, it is important not only to know how the fixtures are designated, but also to have convenient dynamic blocks for quickly completing lighting plans. Consider the symbols of lamps, regulatory documents and blocks of lamps.
I am currently reworking all my dynamic blocks. I will talk about this in more detail shortly.
And now I want to tell only about the symbols of lamps and demonstrate my blocks used on lighting plans.
Symbols for luminaires are presented in the following standards:
1 GOST 21.614-88. Images of conditional graphic electrical equipment and wiring on the plans. 2 GOST 21.210-2014. Conditional graphic symbols of electrical equipment and wiring on the plans.
GOST 21.210-2014 was released relatively recently to replace GOST 21.614-88 on the territory of the Russian Federation. At the moment, GOST 21.614-88 is still valid in Belarus.
Despite this, in my symbols there are symbols from two GOSTs, and there are also symbols invented by me.
For interior lighting, I use the following luminaire conventions:
I have adopted these designations based on design experience and do not contradict the requirements of GOST.
It is allowed to use additional symbols that are not provided for in this standard, explaining them on the drawing or in the general data on working drawings.
For outdoor lighting, I adopted the following conventions for fixtures placed on brackets and supports:
Symbols for outdoor lighting fixtures