General purpose residential buildings, multi-sectional. What are the types of classification of residential buildings?
The single-section scheme is centric (usually close to a square), and the apartments are located on all sides around the node of vertical communications. This centric scheme is based on the limited area of the floor. A residential building with a corridor construction can be continued indefinitely (it is only necessary to include additional means of vertical communications to maintain the permissible distance from the apartments), and the number of apartments per floor is theoretically unlimited. A one-section house develops from the center in four (or more) directions.
Due to the fact that the depth of the apartments has certain limits, the expansion to the sides of the volume of a single-section building is limited: the more apartments are placed around the center, the more the internal space not occupied by apartments grows, and at some point this space will be larger than it necessary for organizing a node of vertical communications, platforms and corridors.
Since the efficiency of space use in one-section houses is considered to be maximum at 15% of the area occupied by non-residential communications, we can say that the maximum required communications area will determine the maximum dimensions of the plan of a one-section house. And if the area of non-apartment communications (horizontal and vertical) is 15% of the total floor area, then the area allocated for apartments can be easily calculated. This also means that the higher the single-section house, the larger the floor area can be, since communications will occupy a larger area (more elevators and a larger area of smoke exhaust shafts).
How the relationship between communications and the area allocated for apartments is solved is best considered with an example.
Let's say a staircase-elevator assembly includes two elevators and a double staircase in one flight in a 3x3 m grid (see the chapter on fire safety, which states that new, more stringent fire safety standards determine the conditions for the use of these stairs).
Each cell with an area of 27.5 m2 corresponds to the dimensions of a good two-room apartment. The ratio of the area of non-apartment communications (81 m2) to the entire floor area (752 m2) is excellent - 11.3%. The complexity of this scheme lies in the fact that it is difficult to organize an entrance to corner apartments.
To solve the problem of creating an entrance to corner apartments, additional sections of the corridor are introduced into a purely concentric solution of the communications node. This also allows you to provide the corridor with natural light and visibility. However, this solution turns out to be too much of a luxury:
Initial floor area..... 752 m2
Increase due to corridor sections..... 56 m2
Total in the new version..... 808 m2
Increase in area..... 55 m2
Total in the new version..... 135 m2, or 17.24% of the total area
The problem of entrances to corner apartments can be solved without excessively increasing the area of the corridors, which significantly increases the efficiency of space use:
Total floor area..... 760 m2
Communication area..... + 93 m2, or 12.2% of the total area
Returning to the original diagram, we see that theoretically half of the two-room apartments can be turned into three-room apartments by simply increasing their area. At the same time, the ratio of the communications area (81 m2) to the total floor area becomes too good to be real, -9.1%. The fact is that such a plan can hardly be rationally solved due to the difficulties of organizing the entrance to three-room apartments.
Again, using additional sections of the corridor can correct the situation; this provides illumination of the communications center and the ability to view:
Initial floor area..... 920 m2
Total..... 976 m2
Initial communications area..... 81 m2
Increase in area..... +56 m2
Total..... 137 m2 i.e. 14.3% of the total area.
There is no need to exclude light and visibility achieved by extending the corridors, as was necessary in the solution with two-room apartments. The floor area is sufficient to remain quite economical with an increase in communications area.
It is quite obvious that for a given area of communications, depending on the height of the building, the more rationally the area of corridors around elevators and stairs is decided, the more cost-effective the layout of the building will be. Increasing the depth of apartments while reducing the length of external walls can further increase this efficiency.
The organization of a corridor on all sides of the vertical communications node is completely optional (,). Depending on how the entrances to the apartments are organized, the area of the corridors and, accordingly, the total area of non-apartment communications can be reduced.
Breaking vertical communications and using an H-shaped corridor is more rational than constructing a corridor around a single communications node (,). To increase the number of apartments on a floor (more than six), the wings of the corridors can be extended, but it is necessary to keep in mind the maximum length of dead-end corridors allowed by the codes.
In the case where dead-end corridors are generally prohibited, the only solution is to locate the corridor around the communications core.
If there are a lot of apartments on a floor and the area of non-apartment communications increases much more than is required for stairs, elevators, garbage chutes, etc., additional space can be used for residents' storage rooms (). This solution is quite justified when there is no other place in the building that could be used for storage rooms, or when the proximity of storage rooms to apartments is of great importance for residents. In other cases, placing storage rooms on expensive floor space does not make sense.
A one-section house can have a number of forms for constructing a building plan, each of which has its own inherent features. The classic scheme with a central communications core is a dynamic form with continued volumes of corner apartments, most favorable for inventive search and planning solutions (,). Less dynamic, but still has sufficient freedom of planning, is the so-called inversely symmetrical plan form. Plans with axes of symmetry can be symmetrical around one axis, two axes, four axes, and so on up to the circle, with its countless axes and the difficulty of flats shaped like a piece of cake (,). Very tall buildings with significantly increased non-apartment communications can be successfully fit into a three-axis composition - in a triangular or three-lobed plan form ().
The technique of connecting two single-section buildings is also used, and a kind of multi-section tower building is formed, so impressively used by Davis Brody in New York. By using a connecting insert to accommodate the elevator unit, as done by Hoberman and Wasserman, a very economical solution can be achieved, and in this case, in fact, the “circle is closed”: a one-section house consisting of two buildings connected by a vertical communications unit becomes nothing more , like a corridor house with emphasized articulation elements.
a - arch. Davis Brody and staff, New York, Harlem River Park
b - arch. Hoberman and Wasserman. Rodchester, New York, Southview Tower
The design principles of a corridor house are also suitable for single-section houses, but difficulties arise with organizing entrances to corner apartments. If the corridor is not end-to-end (the installation of a through corridor significantly increases the area of out-of-apartment communications), the entrance to these apartments is very difficult to organize, especially when market conditions give preference to a layout with a common room placed in the far corner of the apartment, where it has better lighting conditions due to windows on two sides In this case, the passage from the entrance to the apartment to the common room inevitably crosses the bedroom area, while the optimal solution is a layout where the passage to the common room is as short and direct as possible. When the common room is moved out of the corner closer to the entrance, the need to organize a passage into it is eliminated.
The principles of the design solution, which were discussed earlier, remain the same when designing single-section residential buildings. However, in this type of house, a design technique is possible using the central core of communications as a structural stiffening core, and the corridor and the usual depth of the apartments create two bays in which the line of columns coincides with the line between the internal and external zones.
Depending on the natural climatic conditions, the size of the city, and the social structure of the population, various types of houses are used, the main classification features of which are:
1) Number of storeys;
2) Space-planning and constructive solution.
Purpose and space-planning solution:
1) Mass-produced apartment buildings:
Multi-apartment (multi-section, single-section, corridor type, gallery, gallery-section, special (noise, windproof);
Small apartments (single-apartment, multi-apartment, blocked)
2) Specialized. houses (small families, hostels, hotels, nursing homes).
Number of storeys:- Low-rise (1-2 floors), cf. floor (3-5 floors), higher. (6-9 floors),
Multi-storey (> 10 floors)
According to their purpose, houses are classified depending on the length of stay:
1) houses for permanent residence are apartment-type buildings, apartment buildings are divided into houses of general type and special purpose 2) Houses intended for temporary residence of various durations are called specialized, these include: - hostels for youth for accommodation during the period of study;- hotels, camp sites, boarding houses, holiday homes for short-term stays; - nursing homes for people over 60 years of age who need care.
All these types of buildings contain communication, auxiliary, and service units corresponding to their main value as a space-planning unit. Depending on the purpose of the building, the requirements for the composition and size of service and auxiliary premises change.
In turn, the main planning units of a dwelling include main (living) and utility rooms. The classification of space-planning solutions is determined by the type of residential development provided for by the general plan of the city: estate, low-rise high-density, multi-storey or high-rise.
Mid-rise and high-rise apartment buildings form the main urban development. They are designed based on 4 forming schemes:
1) Multi-section; 2) Single-section (tower); 3) Corridor; 4) Gallery.
The multi-section circuit is the most common, this is explained by its functionality. and economical functions. A multi-section house is formed from load-bearing planning sections, which is a fragment of a building with a single trunk of vertical communications; the floor plans of the sections are usually repeated; deviations from this rule usually involve the 1st and last floors.
The single-section scheme is used in the design of multi-storey buildings and high-rise buildings, which play a role in the construction of high vertical accents; they have high urban planning maneuverability, because require small territorial development and provide the best hygienic qualities of apartments.
Gallery and corridor schemes are characterized by the presence of horizontal open (gallery) or closed (corridor) communication spaces. The gallery layout, thanks to open horizontal communication, allows for cross-ventilation of the apartments. Gallery houses are used in construction in addition to sectional ones. The corridor scheme is used in temperate and cold climates. In such houses it is possible to arrange various apartments, including two-level apartments.
Low-rise (1-4 floors) elevator-free buildings are classified into 2 groups:
1) Houses for estate development (these include 1-2-storey, 2-4-apartment, 1-3-storey blocked); 2) 2-, 4-story apartment buildings for high-density development (these include blocked, sectional or combined).
Single-section houses
Single-section houses are a complex of apartments located around one node of vertical communications (staircases and elevators), due to which they have a relatively small, compact plan. Such houses conveniently accommodate small one-, two- and three-room apartments with good insolation and ventilation conditions. This explains the fairly wide distribution of single-section, or, as they are called, “spot” houses both in our country and abroad. In the construction of residential complexes they are used in combination with extended houses and they are very convenient for development in conditions of difficult terrain or cramped areas.
Single-section houses can be either medium- or high-rise. For mass construction, the most common houses are 9......16 floors.
The shape of the plan of a one-section house can be rectangular or square, T-shaped, three-rayed (trefoil), cruciform, consisting of two blocks and any complex configuration.
Rectangular or square plans are most suitable for industrial construction and therefore they are widely used in our construction practice. In houses with this plan, four, five, six and eight apartments can be located per floor.
The T-shape of the plan somewhat complicates the design scheme, but significantly improves the conditions for orientation and ventilation of the apartments.
Rice. 1. One-section house with a simple plan shape
In houses with a trefoil plan, the three wings form angles of 120° in most cases. This angle creates the least possible shadowing and the best visual isolation of apartments located in adjacent wings. It is possible to place the wings at different angles (Fig. 2).
The cruciform shape of the plan creates conditions for good insolation and ventilation of the apartments (with four apartments per floor). But a significant increase in the perimeter of the walls makes it irrational to use buildings of this configuration in cold climates.
Single-section houses, consisting of two blocks, represent two independent volumes, connected by a common staircase and elevator. Isolating a node for vertical communications creates insulation of apartments from noise, and when the building is located on the topography, it makes it possible to shift buildings by half a floor or floor without disturbing or complicating the overall structural design.
Rice. 2. One-section house with a trefoil plan
Single-section houses help improve the urban planning qualities of buildings. In addition to planning, they also have volumetric-spatial significance. The structure of the house itself determines its compositional design. Single-section houses are equally visible from all sides. The composition of the facades is based on the repetition of elements not horizontally, as in extended buildings, but vertically. These qualities are characteristic of tower compositions. The plasticity of the entire volume is of great importance in such compositions.
In order to achieve the greatest possible “sculpture” in the composition of dotted houses, monolithic reinforced concrete has now begun to be used in their design solutions, which has opened up wide possibilities for various shape formations.
Multi-storey housing
Terraced residential buildings
Terraced development is a specific type of manor housing on an area with complex terrain; its difference from development on an equal area is blocking not only horizontally, but also vertically (see Fig. 7.2 (B)).
Terraced development can be a type of either blocked or blocked with courtyards. In a blocked terraced development of land plots outside the boundaries of the house, the roof of the underlying cell is used as a “green room”.
Terraces, as a rule, are oriented to the south, designed to be closed from prying eyes and such that they provide an unobstructed view of the environment.
Multi-storey apartment buildings are the main type of urban housing. Their use makes it possible to significantly increase the density of the housing stock, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in residential areas; reduces the length of all utilities, including streets and urban transport structures; reduces the distance between home and places of work and leisure, which increases a person’s free time.
In a multi-storey apartment building, residential cells are connected to the environment and residential area by non-apartment communications. The nature of non-apartment communications is the main typological feature of the typological rows of multi-apartment housing, distinguished:
· sectional houses - residential cells directly connected to the territory by vertical communications;
· corridor and gallery houses - the connection of cells with the territory is carried out by a system of vertical and horizontal (corridor, gallery) communications, from which the entrance to the residential cell is organized.
A feature of the space-planning structure of a sectional house is the presence of one vertical communication node (entrance, vestibule, staircase, if necessary, an elevator or elevators) for a group of apartments that are part of this section.
Single-section houses- they are also called point houses, tower houses, candle houses or rod houses. A typological feature of single-section houses is the ability to orient residential cells towards the light front along the entire perimeter of the house. This allows apartments to be planned in such a way that they are oriented to two or three sides of the horizon, which significantly improves their hygienic qualities (insolation and ventilation).
According to their plan form, single-section houses are: square, rectangular, T-shaped, three-beam, cruciform, pair-block, round and complex configuration (Fig. 8.1, 8.2).
Multi-beam sections allow you to place a larger number of apartments on the floor, but have a number of disadvantages:
· complicating insolation conditions through shading of rooms oriented south by the rays of the section;
· complicating the conditions for visual isolation of rooms (especially with an angle of 90 0 between the beams);
· the presence of a large amount of dark (without natural light) area at the intersection of the rays;
· increasing the perimeter of external walls.
The scope of use of one-section houses is wide. In addition to compositionally important places, in a populated area it is advisable to locate them on complex terrain, since the small building area does not destroy the slope and does not interfere with landscaping; It is advisable to locate it on an embankment or near a forest, since rod houses help distribute clean air deeper into the building.
Rice. 8.1. Schemes of one-section residential buildings: A– square and rectangular; b– T-shaped; V– three-beam; d– pair-block; e– round; and– complex configuration
Rice. 8.2. Single-section (tower) 16-storey. Residential buildings:
A – for Kyiv. Arch. V. Ezhov, S. Ezhov and others; B – for Minsk. Arch A. Belokon, G. Sisoev and others.
Multi-section houses consist of several independent elements - sections (a section is a part of the house, which consists of a vertical communication and residential cells grouped around it).
Based on the degree of blocking, sections are divided into linear and multi-beam (Fig. 8.3, Fig. 8.4).
Rice. 8.3. Nomenclature of sections of multi-storey residential buildings:
1 – private; 2 – end; 3 , 4 – private Z-shaped;
5 – angular; 6,7 – three-beam; 8 – cruciform;
9 – 11 – rotary
Linear sections, depending on the direction of blocking, are divided into ordinary, corner, rotary and end. Each of the sections, except for the end section, has two opposite blank walls (planes) without openings necessary for blocking with adjacent sections. The end sections are located along the edges of the house; one of its walls should be blocked from the adjacent row.
Rotating sections are used to create houses that have a complex plan with turns and a broken facade line. These sections can have a rotation angle ranging from 90 0 to 180 0.
Multi-beam sections (T, V - shaped, cruciform) make it possible to form a variety of urban planning formations.
Rice. 8.4. An example of a multi-section multi-storey residential building
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