Baron Fredericks. Count Vladimir Fredericks - the first honorary resident of Novo-Nikolaevsk © Fredericks Minister of the Court
STORY CHARACTERS
SERGEY IGOREVICH GRIGORIEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences (St. Petersburg),
St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.B. Fredericks: a political portrait of the last minister of the court
The personality of the last Minister of the Court V.B. Fredericks for a long time did not arouse much interest either among specialists or lovers of Russian history. The opinion about his “reactionary” views and extremely insignificant role in the political events of the era has become a kind of “commonplace” in the historical literature dedicated to the last reign. This opinion is traditionally based on the low assessment of V.B.’s abilities. Fredericks, but most importantly - on the immutable conviction of his physical and, as a consequence, political incapacity. This belief, which has long become an axiom, has its origins in the general opinion of contemporaries. The authors of numerous memoirs and memoirs are extremely unanimous in refusing V.B. Fredericks in any significant role in the events of that time. The attitude towards the last minister of the court varies only from contemptuous to condescending - depending on the political beliefs of the author. However, is this assessment fair? An unbiased study of documents of that time allows us to take a completely new look at the personality of V.B. Fredericks and his political views and reveal his real role in making a number of the most important political decisions of the era. This article is an attempt to present the true “political face” of the elderly minister of the court.
Baron Vladimir Borisovich Fredericks (1838-1927)1 began his career by enlisting in 1856 in the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment as a non-commissioned officer as a volunteer (i.e. in the same year, in the same division of the regiment and in the same rank as the previous Minister of the Court I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov). In 1858, they were both promoted to cornets, but then their paths diverged: I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov went to the active army in the Caucasus, and V.B. Fredericks remained to serve in the regiment. In 1871, he was granted aide-de-camp to His Imperial Majesty, and in 1875, with the rank of colonel, he was appointed commander of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1884-1885 was a member of the Main Military Court, then carried out various assignments for inspections of cavalry troops. In 1888 V.B. Fredericks was first introduced to the future Emperor Nicholas II: he was with the heir to the Tsarevich at the burial of the German Emperor Wilhelm I in Berlin. In March 1891, in the life of V.B. Fredericks underwent a major change - he left active military service. Under the patronage of I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov, the baron switched to
civil service in the Ministry of the Imperial Household (MFA) and headed the Court Stables.
The question of the further rise of V.B. Fredericks has its own history. At the end of 1893, with the gradual withdrawal of I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov from the practical management of the ministry and the dismissal of the chief controller of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs N.S. Petrov, the question arose about who would replace the minister - for starters, during his absence. It would seem that this issue was resolved by itself: the minister should be replaced by the person next to
minister according to the departmental hierarchy. Such a person was the manager of the Cabinet at that time, Lieutenant General P.K. Gudim-Levkovich. However, as the then head of the Office of the Minister of the Court V.S. Krivenko noted in his memoirs, this issue was by no means resolved automatically: “What was so easily provided to Petrov, a man completely alien to the court and the court world, suddenly turned out to be unsuitable for the general "2. It was decided to establish a new post - assistant minister of the court, with the rights of a comrade minister. From the grand ducal party, General G.A. was nominated to the new place. Skalon, manager of the court of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich,3 but the candidate nominated by the minister of the court himself, V. B. Fredericks, won (December 1893).
Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich pointed to the decisive role in this appointment of Empress Maria Feodorovna, who always greatly favored I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov (this circumstance was also noted by S.Yu. Witte4): “Thanks to the Empress, the choice for the post of Minister of the Court settled on the person about whom the late Emperor Alexander III told Count Vorontsov: “I willingly agree to appoint him as your assistant, but on one condition , so that he manages only the imperial stables and that he has no claim to be your successor." Who was the question about? Nothing more than Baron Fredericks (later Count), a decent man, but limited and an absolute nonentity.”5 Such an evil and clearly biased characterization becomes understandable if we consider that at the time when the Grand Duke wrote his “Notes”, the undeniable closeness of V.B. Fredericks's approach to Emperor Nicholas II, who had become estranged from all his relatives, caused them great irritation.
One way or another, after the resignation of I.I. on May 6, 1897. Vorontsova-Dashkova V.B. Fredericks was appointed manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and on April 5, 1898 - minister of the court6. From that time until February 1917, he almost inseparably accompanied Nicholas II on all his trips, becoming one of the closest people to the last emperor.
Head of the Administrative Department of the Cabinet of e.i.v. A.V. Polovtsov described V.B.’s appearance so figuratively in his diary. Fredericks (summer 1894): “During the conversation... I admired the baron. He is amazingly beautiful to this day. This is in the full sense of the word belle homme. In his
His noble profile, delicate skin color, obviously unusually well-groomed, masterfully combed remnants of hair have something feminine, but the longest and most characteristic mustache leaves no doubt about his gender. He probably won hundreds of hearts in his time. His way of speaking is charming. The manner in which one behaves is gentlemanly to the last degree. He is always calm, even, but not dry; on the contrary, it seems as if it gives him special pleasure to talk with you.”7 Similar view of V.B. Fredericks kept it many years later. General Yu.N. Danilov, who communicated with him already during the World War, characterized him as “in appearance, prim and starched... in reality, a very kind and friendly old man”8.
Memoirists highly appreciated the human qualities of the new minister of the court. So, his closest employee, the head of the Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs A.A. Mosolov noted: “Count Fredericks was loved both by his subordinates and by all court and military circles beyond
goodwill and charming courtesy."9 General N.A. Epanchin wrote about V.B. Fredericks that he is “a deeply noble man, a knight; he was not afraid of anyone and always spoke the truth, no matter whether he liked it or not.”10 Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs V.F. Dzhunkovsky believed that he was “an extremely noble man, devoted to the Emperor but, unfortunately, subject to the influence of others, and not always good”11. Minister of War A.F. Roediger recalled that when he was appointed to the post (June 1905), A.N. Kuropatkin, the previous Minister of War, admonished him with the words: “Stay close, find support in the Minister of the Court Fredericks. This is a solid and quite noble person. He is a faithful servant of the sovereign and takes all measures to protect him from his relatives.”12 The last minister of the court was treated with great respect by many political figures of the State Duma, whose political beliefs were far from the views of V.B. Fredericks. Thus, he was highly “appreciated”13 by the Chairman of the IV State Duma M.V. Rodzianko. However, perhaps this was influenced by the fact that he once served under the baron in the same Life Guards Cavalry Regiment.
Attitude of S.Yu. Witte's attitude towards the new Minister of the Court was ambiguous. He believed that the baron was “a very respectable man”14, moreover, even “the most beautiful, noble and honest person - but that’s all. However, there is a lot of this in general, and especially in modern times. We can say that Baron Fredericks, in modern times, is a knight in his honesty and nobility”15. At the same time, S.Yu. Witte had a very low assessment of the mental and business abilities of the new Minister of the Court: “Frederick was very poor in understanding matters, it was difficult for him to master not only reasoning, but also the simplest facts. His employees coached him like a schoolboy before any all-submissive report. He, of course, on his own could not figure out whether they were correct or
certain actions and assumptions are incorrect!6. On another occasion, he even reported that the baron was generally “deprived of the ability to understand anything by thinking”!7. Nevertheless, they remained on good terms. It is characteristic that V.B. Fredericks was the only person from the court environment who came to visit S.Yu. Witte after the assassination attempt on him in the winter of 1907.18 The opinion about the Minister of the Court and General V.I. was ambivalent. Gurko: “Baron Fredericks, as you know, was distinguished by limited mental abilities, but at the same time by impeccable honesty and knightly qualities”19.
However, it is precisely in this limitation that V.B. Fredericks, or rather, in that exceptionally successful coincidence of the psychological characteristics of the personalities of the emperor and his minister of the court, S. Yu. Witte saw the reason for their long-term closeness: “Of course, neither in his knowledge, nor in his abilities, nor in his mind can he have absolutely no influence on the sovereign emperor and cannot serve him in any way as an adviser on state affairs and even in the direct management of the ministry of the court. By the character of a sovereign emperor, such a minister of the court represents the type of person best suited to the emperor.
suitable"20. A. A. Mosolov noted other reasons for the closeness of the baron and the imperial couple: “Count Fredericks was equally loved by the sovereign and empress. Both appreciated his innate tact, calmness and common sense, exceptional truthfulness and crystal honesty.”21
His political views V.B. Fredericks never expressed them - either publicly or in writing - and therefore their clarification seems very important. Director of one of the departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs V.B. Lopukhin
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Vladimir Borisovich (Adolf Anton Vladimir) Fredericks (Fridriks)(November 16 (28), 1838 - July 5, 1927, Grankulla, Finland) - Russian statesman; the last ever Minister of the Imperial Court of the Russian Empire (1897-1917); Chancellor of the Russian Imperial and Royal Orders; cavalry general, adjutant general; count (until 1913 - baron). He was present in the State Council from May 6, 1897.
Biography
From the nobles of the St. Petersburg province. The son of the infantry general Baron Boris Andreevich Frederiks, who came from a Narva bourgeois family, was in Russian service from the first half of the 18th century and received a baronial title in 1773.
Received home education.
In 1856, he entered the 4th Division of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment as a non-commissioned officer, a few months later he was assigned to the active units of the regiment and served in it until 1871 (since 1869 - colonel).
Since March 1871 - aide-de-camp under Emperor Alexander II.
From July 27, 1875 to July 14, 1883 - commander of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, from January 1, 1879 with the rank of major general.
From December 4 (16), 1893 to 1897 - assistant minister of the imperial court and appanages with the rights of a fellow minister.
In 1896 - adjutant general.
From May 6, 1897 to February 28, 1917 (until the fall of the monarchy) - Minister of the Imperial Household (the ministry managed the palaces and land holdings of the imperial family). At the same time he was the chancellor of the Russian imperial and royal orders.
On December 6 (the name day of Emperor Nicholas II), 1900, he was promoted to cavalry general.
On November 4, 1905, he was appointed a member of the State Council, retaining all previous positions. He did not take part in the work of the council.
In 1908, he was elected an honorary citizen of Novonikolaevsk, “in view of his services to the city in the purchase of lands from the Cabinet of His Majesty.”
Under the Highest Rescript of March 25, 1908, he was awarded a Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called - on the 50th anniversary of “exemplary service” (the words of the Highest Rescript).
By the highest rescript of February 21, 1913 (celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty), he was awarded the title of count.
Vladimir Borisovich Fredericks
He was a large homeowner (he had four stone houses in St. Petersburg) and landowner (estates in Finland and near Gatchina).
With the outbreak of the First World War, he was with Nicholas II in Mogilev, accompanying him on all his trips. He enjoyed the exceptional trust of the emperor, about which his subordinate General A. A. Mosolov wrote: “The moral loneliness imposed on himself by the tsar from a young age was all the more dangerous because Nicholas II was distrustful even of those in his immediate circle. One Earl Fredericks was an exception." The former chairman of the Council of Ministers, Count S. Yu. Witte, wrote about him in his notes:
By the highest diploma dated April 10, 1916, he was granted diamonds decorated with combined portraits of Emperors Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II on St. Andrew's Ribbon - in honor of the 60th anniversary of service in the Life Guards. Cavalry Regiment and 25 years of service in senior positions in the Ministry of the Court.
By the time of the February Revolution, a 79-year-old sick old man suffered from memory loss. He had no influence on the emperor, but enjoyed his complete trust. He did not interfere in state affairs; he was only involved in managing the property of Nicholas II through the head of the office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court.
under the crunch of French bread
several parallels, allusions and associations for the future unlimited monarch Vova Pe.
Here, meet Vova!
Frederiks Vladimir Borisovich
(1838—1927) ,
count (1913) cavalry general (1900). Since 1897 Russian Minister of the Imperial Court,
one of the closest dignitaries of Emperor Nicholas II.
After 1917 in exile.
The founder of the “Russian” Fredericks family is officially considered to be a certain Dutch migrant Friedrichs,
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The family of barons Fredericks originates from Holland and dates back to the 18th century.
By a personal Imperial decree of August 5, 1773, the court banker Ivan Yuryevich Friederiks was elevated, with his descendants, to the dignity of a baron of the Russian Empire.
By resolutions of the Governing Senate, dated January 17, 1817, May 8, 1856, November 26, 1857, December 8, 1859, May 31, 1860, January 30 and May 21, 1884 and May 1, 1889, approved in baronial dignity, with inclusion in Part V Genealogy of the Book, barons Fredericks: 1) collegiate assessor Pavel Ivanovich and his son Mikhail; 2) Alexander Ivanovich, his children: Modest, Adjutant General Platon, Alexander, Ermione and Anna, grandson of the captain Vladimir Platonovich (with his wife Zoya Stepanovna, born Safonova) and great-grandchildren: Vladimir, Grigory, Varvara and Zoya Vladimirov; 3) Major General Boris Andreevich, his wife Emma Adolfovna (born von Wulf), their children: His Majesty’s retinue, Major General Adolf-Anton-Vladimir and Adolf-Andrey-Alexander, and granddaughters Evgenia-Valentina-Josephine and Emma -
Sofia Vladimirov; 4) Horsemaster of the Highest Court Vladimir
Alexandrovich and his children Vladimir, Alexander and Daria.
***
Of the persons who were in public service at the beginning of the 20th century, the following are known:
1. Baron Vladimir Borisovich Fredericks, adjutant general, cavalry general, in 1910 minister of the court, member of the State. Council.
The clan is included in Volume I of the General Armorial of the noble families of the All-Russian Empire, the number of baronial clans under No. 35.
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who traded Russian timber with Europe through Arkhangelsk at the end of the 17th century.
His direct descendant "Ivan" Hans Friedrichs, "being a banker at the All-Russian Imperial Court, for his efforts to improve the spread of commerce and the many services rendered to him in August 1773, he was granted with descendants born and henceforth born into the dignity and honor of the barons of the All-Russian Empire" .
In such a miraculous way when cheerful Empress Catherine IIhucksters of murky origins, the Friedrichs, with the crunch of a French roll, become aristocrats - barons Friedrichs.
This classic Jewish-banker maneuver leaves no doubt about the ethnic origin of the patient.
Of course, not everyone in the Fredericks family tree was distinguished by this family luck.
For example, the cousin of the minister of the imperial court, Nizhny Novgorod governor K.P. Fredericks,
in 1906 he was even dismissed from the civil service in disgrace - for corruption and... aiding the revolutionaries...
By the beginning of the 20th century, the countless financial resources that belonged to the family of Nikolai Romanov were concentrated in the hands of the Minister of the Imperial Court, Vladimir Borisovich Frederiks.
Among the assets of the emperor's family, the Ural, Altai and Siberian gold mines occupied a prominent place.
Thus, the family of Nicholas II was (shared with the Rothschilds) a co-owner of the famous Lena gold mines.
And shares of the Lenzoloto company all of a sudden
became the object of frenzied speculation on the Paris Stock Exchange.
It's simple.
Rothschild's agents provoked riots in the mines - the so-called. "Lena execution of workers" in 1912.
The Jewish bankers famously played against their naive “partners” through a game to reduce the shares of JSC Lenzoloto.
- CJSC "Romanov Empire".
Here is the answer to all the questions related to the “Lena atrocities”
about which the Marxist writer Vladimir Ulyanov then wrote with a righteous tear in the corner of his eye,
who took the pseudonym “N. Lenin” “in memory of the Lena executions.”
Precious metals have been and remain the strong point of the Rothschild family throughout the history of this Jewish banking dynasty.
Where there is gold, there are Rothschilds.
By that time, another “Russian aristocrat” of murky origins, Finance Minister Witte, was carrying out the monetary reform of 1897, as a result of which the world gold market rapidly went up and the silver market fell.
The Rothschilds won. And invested in Russia
Only the Rothschilds and Romanovs knew for sure whether the Russian ruble would switch to unitary gold backing, would be backed by both gold and silver, or would remain paper altogether - not a currency backed by precious metals, but state financial obligations, which is what it was before the Witte reform.
It was after Witte’s reforms that gold mining, in which, under the control of Fredericks, the Romanovs invested financially and administrative resources, became a highly profitable, globally strategic business.
The era of oil and gas has not yet arrived.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, “tsarism,” through the efforts of “aristocrats,” was already deeply involved in Zhydov’s gesheft schemes, corruption and kickbacks.
As a junior partner.
The loans slowly but surely tightened the noose.
“Tsarism” had to join what was then NATO - the Entente. Enter into the global slaughter on the side of the “democracies”
And grew up all of a sudden
on the wave of righteous popular bewilderment at what happened to Lenin from the little-known writer Ulyanov.
The golden partnership of the Romanovs with the Rothschilds ended, as is known, in the Yekaterinburg basement.
And the Romanovs’ assets in Zhidov’s banks were somehow lost.
Surprisingly, the financial genius and odious tsarist minister of the court, Baron Friedericks, survived two revolutions, the Red Terror and the Civil War, successfully hiding right under the nose of the Cheka in Petrograd - Leningrad! ;)))
In 1924 he went to Finland, where in 1927 he died peacefully with his family. In the presence of a doctor and a notary.
The Rothschilds don’t give up their Friedericks!
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Fredericks Vladimir Borisovich, baron, since 1913 count (November 16, 1838-5, according to other sources July 8, 1927). From the nobility of the St. Petersburg province, a large homeowner (had four stone houses in the capital) and landowner (estates in Finland and near Gatchina). Received home education. In 1856 he volunteered for the Life Guards. Cavalry regiment and served in it until 1871 (from 1869 colonel). Since 1875 commander of the Life Guards. Horse regiment, from 1881 - 1st brigade of the 1st Guards. cavalry division. Since 1891, he was the horsemaster of the Court, managing the Court Stables, and from December 1, 1893, assistant minister of the imperial court and appanages, with the rights of a fellow minister. Adjutant General (1896). From May 6, 1897 he headed the Ministry of the Court, at the same time he was the chancellor of the Russian imperial and royal orders, and from July 14, 1897 - the commander of the Imperial Headquarters. General of the Cavalry (1900). On November 4, 1905, he was appointed a member of the State Council, retaining all previous positions. On February 21, 1913 he was elevated to the dignity of count. After the February Revolution, he was arrested in Gomel, taken to Petrograd, but soon released. From 1924 he lived in Finland, where he died.
Materials from the bibliographic dictionary were used in the book: Y.V. Glinka, Eleven years in the State Duma. 1906-1917. Diary and memories. M., 2001.
Fredericks Vladimir Borisovich (November 16, 1838 - July 5, 1927). Descendant of a Swedish officer captured by Russian troops Peter I; father - commander of the 13th Erivan Regiment, adjutant general to Emperor Alexander II. Baron. Received an excellent education at home. From 1871 aide-de-camp to the emperor Alexandra II. In 1875-88 commander of the Guards Cavalry Regiment, then of the division. In 1891 - 1893 manager of the court stables. In 1893-1897, assistant minister of the imperial court and appanages with the rights of a fellow minister. Since 1896 adjutant general. Since 1897, Minister of the Imperial Household. In 1900 he was promoted to cavalry general. Since 1905, a member of the State Council, in whose work he did not take part, and commander of the imperial headquarters. A large landowner, owner of houses in St. Petersburg. On March 25, 1908, on the day of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, he was elevated to the dignity of count. From the beginning During the 1st World War he was with Nicholas II in Mogilev.
By the time of the February Revolution of 1917, the 79-year-old sick old man suffered from memory loss. He had no influence on the emperor, but enjoyed his complete trust. In the state did not interfere with business, was only involved in property management Nicholas II through the beginning Office of the Ministry of the Imperial Household. On February 27 - 28, soldiers and crowds were one of the first to plunder and burn his mansion in Petrograd. On March 2, in Pskov, I signed with my signature Manifesto of renunciation Nicholas II from the throne. On March 5, at the request of the Provisional Government, he was removed from the residence of the emperor. On March 9, he was arrested in Gomel by railway workers. During the search in the carriage, the minister's seal, weapons, diaries and other things were taken away. documentation. By telegram A.I. Guchkova And A.F. Kerensky sent to Petrogrzd, taken to the Tauride Palace, on March 11, on the recommendation of psychiatrists, transported to the Evangelical Hospital. He was soon released and lived in Petrograd.
After the October Revolution, he turned to the Soviet government with a request to travel abroad. Having received permission, he and his daughter went to Granculla in 1924 ( Finland).
Materials used in the article by O.L. Sorokina in the book: Political figures of Russia 1917. biographical dictionary. Moscow, 1993.
Read here:
Deputies of the State Duma in 1905-1917 (biographical index)
Telegram from P.A. Stolypin to Baron V.B. Fredericks, August 22, 1907
Letter from P.A. Stolypin to Baron V.B. Fredericks, December 5, 1907
Baron Fredericks Vladimir Borisovich
- Dates of life: 16.11.1838-05.02.1927
- Biography:
Evangelical Lutheran denomination. From the nobles of the St. Petersburg province. From a Swedish family that consisted of the 1st half of the 18th century. in Russian service and received the baronial title in 1773. Since 1913 Count. He received his general education at home, and his military education in the service. 03/16/1856 entered service in the 4th division of the Leningrad Guards. Cavalry regiment as a non-commissioned officer with the rights of a volunteer. In the same year he was promoted to cadet. Cornet (pr. 1858; art. 03.25.1858; for distinction). Lieutenant (Article 30.08.1860). Headquarters Captain (Art. 04/17/1863). Captain (Art. 08/30/1866). Commander of the 4th squadron of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment (1867-69; 1 year 8 minutes). Colonel (project 1869; art. 08/30/1869). Adjutant wing of His Army (1871). Division commander of the same regiment (5 m.). Commander of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment (07/27/1875-07/14/1883) and the 1st Brigade of the 1st Guards. Cav. divisions (06/19/1881-03/16/1891). Major General (born 1879; art. 08/30/1880; for distinction) with inclusion in the Retinue of His Majesty. Lieutenant General (pr. 1891; art. 08/30/1891; for distinction). Horsemaster and manager of the court stables (03/16/1891-12/04/1893). Assistant Minister (12/04/1893-05/06/1897) and Minister (05/06/1897-1917) of the Imperial Court and Appanages. Adjutant General (1896). Chancellor of the Russian Imperial and Royal Orders (05/06/1897-1917). Gene. from the cavalry (pr. 01/01/1901; art. 12/06/1900; for distinction). Commander of the Imperial Headquarters (06/14/1898-1917). Member of the State Council (from 04.11.1905). Retired since March 28, 1917. After the October Revolution he lived in Petrograd. In 1924 he emigrated to Finland, where he died.
- Ranks:
aka - His Imperial Majesty's Retinue, cavalry general, adjutant general of the EIV retinue
- Awards:
- Additional Information:
- Sources:
- Brusilov A.A. My memories. M. 2001
- List of generals by seniority. Compiled on 04/15/1914. Petrograd, 1914
- List of generals by seniority. Compiled on July 10, 1916. Petrograd, 1916
- VP 1914-1916; List of adjutants general, major generals and rear admirals of His Majesty's Suite and adjutants by seniority. Compiled on March 20, 1916. Petrograd, 1916; Court calendar for 1917. Petrograd, 1917. Information provided by Valery Konstantinovich Vokhmyanin (Kharkov)