Biological education. Who is a biologist
Biology Education , specialist training system cf. and higher qualifications in biology. In Bashkortostan, as an independent industry, special education began to take shape after the revolution of 1917. Teaching biology was introduced in 1920 at the Institute of Nar. education (see Teachers' Institute). In 1929 at the Pedagogical Institute. K.A. Timiryazev, formed on the basis of this institute, created a department of natural science, in which a department was organized in 1930. botany, zoology, etc.; in 1933, the training of biologists was carried out in chemistry and biology. department, since 1934 - at the Faculty of Natural Sciences. Contribution to the formation of B.o. in the Republic in the 1920s–40s. contributed by Pedagogical teachers. Institute named after K.A. Timiryazeva (S.A. Baranov, M.Ya. Sokolov, A.I. Chanyshev, G.G. Shtekher), BSHI (A.N. Bogdanov, K.S. Nikiforuk, P.A. Polozhentsev ). In the Republic of Belarus, a system of educational institutions has developed, which includes general, additional, special and auxiliary education. General B.o. given at school: in the beginning. class They teach natural history, and in older classes - botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology and human hygiene, and general biology. Additional B.o. carried out in ecology-biol. centers and stations for young naturalists, which operate in all districts and cities of the republic. Students master additional. knowledge of biology in clubs, sections, and during the holidays in ecology. camps and tourist bases; classes are attended by choice. In the Republic of Belarus, the first biol classes. profile began to function in 1936 in the House of Pioneers (see Palace of Children's Creativity named after V. M. Komarov). Means. contribution to development will complement. B.o. contributes Rep. children's eco-biol. center (Ufa), created in 1992. Special biological education, including anatomy and morphology of regions, biochemistry, genetics, zoology of invertebrates and vertebrates, microbiology, taxonomy of regions, physiology of humans and animals, ecology, etc. industry disciplines are received at the Bashkir State University, Birsk Social Pedagogical Academy, Pedagogical University, Sibay Institute of BSU, Sterlitamak Pedagogical Academy. As a regional component of B.o. in universities the following disciplines are studied: the nature of the Republic of Belarus, medicinal plants of the Republic of Belarus, the fauna of the Republic of Belarus, etc. Auxiliary B.O. carried out on Wed. specialist. (Aksyonovsky Agricultural College, Belebeevsky Pedagogical College, Birsky Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Medical College, Vocational Pedagogical College, etc.) and higher. (Aviation Technical University, Agrarian University, Medical University, Petroleum Technical University, etc. ) student establishments. At BSAU Biol. disciplines are studied at the Faculty of Agronomics. (botany, phytopathology, entomology, etc.), veterinary. medicine (veterinary radiobiology, virology, embryology, etc.), forestry. (biology of animals and birds, dendrology, etc.), environmental management (geobotany, forestry). At BSMU, human anatomy, microbiology, cytology, etc. are studied in all departments. At USPTU, general biology and microbiology, general biotechnology, etc. are taught in technol. f-te; At USATU, bioecology, fundamentals of biochemistry, urban ecology, etc. are included in the engineer training program. in the specialties of life safety in the technosphere, protection in emergency situations, as well as bachelors in environmental protection. General biology and soil science are taught in geogr. Faculty of BSU; biology with the basics of ecology or natural science - at other departments of the BSU and in pedagogy. universities of the republic. Education at universities is carried out full-time for 5 years, and part-time for 6 years. On biol. Faculty of BSU (opened in 1957) has 6 departments: biochemistry and biotechnology, botany, zoology, regional physiology, morphology and physiology of humans and women, ecology; on natural-technical Faculty of Sibay Institute of BSU (1998) - 4 departments: botany, general technology. disciplines, human and female physiology, ecology. In ped. universities B.o. is comprehensive and provides training for teachers in 2 specialties: biology and chemistry, geography and biology, biology and physical education (see Pedagogical education). Faculty of Biology and Chemistry of Birsk Social Pedagogical University Academy (1960) trains teachers of biology and chemistry, biology and physics. culture; There are 4 departments. On natural-geographical Faculty of BSPU (1973) trains biologists-chemists and geographers-biologists; There are 6 departments. In biol.-khim. department of Sterlitamak pedagogical Academy (1997) has 4 departments. In 1922 - 2003 in the republic. prepared approx. 11 thousand specialist biologists with higher education. education. Fast. Advanced training courses for biology teachers have been operating since the 30s. at the Institute for Educational Development, where methods of teaching biology in secondary schools are being developed (L.G. Naumova, B.Kh. Yunusbaev). Training of specialists for scientific and ped. work is carried out in the graduate school of the Institute of Biology, Biochemistry and Genetics Institute, Botanical Garden Institute, BSU and BSPU in the specialties: biotechnology, biochemistry, botany, genetics, microbiology, molecular microbiology, soil science, physiology and biochemistry of the region. In 1970–75, a specialized council for the defense of dissertations for the academic degree of candidate worked at BSU. biol. Sciences, majoring in biology; in 1995-97 - in botany; in 1997-2003 - in 2 specialties: physiology of the regions (since 2001 physiology and biochemistry of the regions) and botany. Since 2003, a council has been functioning for the defense of doctoral dissertations in the following specialties: physiology and biochemistry of the region, botany. During the work of the Council of Candidates. dissertation defended by St. 100 people. In development of B.o. contributed by R.R.Akhmetov, M.G.Bayanov, A.N.Bogdanov, V.A.Vakhitov, A.S.Dmitriev, L.V.Kalimullina, F.Kh.Kamilov, R.G.Minibaev, B.M.Mirkin, Polozhentsev, D.I.Smirnov, T.A.Emikh and others.
Direction of training 050100.68 “Pedagogical education”
Training profile Biological education
(Biotechnology and Nature Conservation)
The problem of nature conservation is the task of the day; it is aimed at preserving the natural environment in its pristine state. Otherwise, everything that makes up the biosphere can turn into nothing in one hour. Ecosystem organisms, primarily microorganisms, higher and lower plants, protozoa and others, can restore the environment to natural qualities. The task is to develop, create and adopt modern biotechnologies based on the use of the activities of the total organisms of ecosystems for environmental protection. Only the latter can fulfill this role. Physical, chemical and mechanical methods based on technical solutions to problems cannot cope with this task.
Only biotechnology with the widespread use of the destructive, mineralizing, absorption and neutralizing ability of pollutants by ecosystem organisms can fulfill this mission. This is the uniqueness of the “Biotechnology and Nature Conservation” problem. It combines nature, its richness and, finally, ubiquitous organisms capable of regulating and managing the quality of the environment.
The Biotechnology and Nature Conservation program covers all sectors of industrial production, agriculture and our everyday life. Therefore, leading universities and research institutes in our country are closely working on these issues. These include: Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov; polytechnic and chemical-technical universities. St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Moscow; Moscow, Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan hydro- and reclamation design organizations; Agricultural State Universities of Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Federal Centers for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety (Moscow, Kazan) and Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University and many others. Close ties have been established with many of the above universities and organizations in the implementation of the Biotechnology and Nature Conservation program. Cooperation has been established with many foreign educational centers, including: the Toronto Center for Biology (Canada), the International Center for Biotechnology (Moscow, Brussels, Berlin, Amsterdam, Chroningen) and the People's Republic of China (Beijing, Qingdao, Chinguandou, etc.)
In the educational process, the graduate masters and acquires knowledge and skills in the following special competencies (SC):
- has knowledge about the molecular genetic foundations, directions of development and applied aspects of modern biotechnology of microorganisms, plants, animals (SK-1);
- has knowledge of modern methods in biotechnology, microbiological foundations of biotechnological production, biotechnological methods of increasing the productivity of microorganisms, plants and animals (SK-2);
- is able to apply the latest biotechnologies based on the use of populations of microbial, animal and plant cells obtained by selection and genetic methods to solve environmental problems, resource conservation and environmental protection (SK-3);
- is able to understand the principles of sustainability and productivity of living nature and the ways of its change under the influence of anthropogenic factors, is capable of systematic analysis of global environmental problems, issues of the state of the environment and the rational use of natural resources (SC-4);
- able to navigate problematic situations of natural resource security and regional environmental management (SK-5);
- has knowledge about the basic patterns of formation of biodiversity and its differentiation in geographic space and time (SC-6);
- is able to apply in practice basic and theoretical knowledge in the field of environmental protection, monitoring and indicating the state of ecosystems, environmental management (SC-7);
Entrance exams to the master's program “Biotechnology and Nature Conservation” can be taken by a certified specialist. He must have a single state-issued document confirming the completion of a bachelor's degree by a specialist in master's training profiles. The test is carried out according to the test system, according to the master's program (link on the admissions committee website).
Perspective of a specialist who has completed the Master's program in Biotechnology and Nature Conservation:
Opportunity to enroll in full-time graduate school in the following specialties: (biotechnology (including bionanotechnology), microbiology, ecology, hydrobiology, systems analysis, management and information processing (chemical and biological technology), etc.
Work as engineers, managers and biotechnologists in industries and agriculture, as well as in local enterprises of various profiles; in laboratories of sanitary supervision, hygiene, monitoring of the natural environment, purification, neutralization and desalination of natural and waste waters; in design institutes, associations, enterprises related to the introduction of biotechnology into the national economy.
In all of the above organizations, enterprises, laboratories and facilities, a specialist biotechnologist has career growth from a laboratory assistant to a major leading specialist and manager.
Every person dreams of choosing a profession that would not only always be in demand, and therefore highly paid, but also benefit society. One of these professions is undoubtedly the profession of a biologist. It is these specialists who study everything related to living organisms on our planet. Our health, development and future largely depend on their professionalism. Therefore, it is not surprising that the biologist profession is the second most popular in the world.
Every person dreams of choosing a profession that would not only always be in demand, and therefore highly paid, but also benefit society. One of these professions is undoubtedly biologist profession. It is these specialists who study everything related to living organisms on our planet. Our health, development and future largely depend on their professionalism. Therefore, it is not surprising that the biologist profession is the second most popular in the world.
True, unfortunately, not everyone can obtain this necessary and promising profession, since it puts forward a number of requirements that only people with certain inclinations and character can meet. But what is the peculiarity of this profession, you will learn from our article.
Who is a biologist?
From Greek biology translated as “science of life” (bios – life, logos – science). Accordingly, the name of the profession of a biologist indicates that he is a specialist who studies aspects of life of all living organisms on planet Earth. That is, his close attention is drawn to the origin, evolution, growth and development of living organisms, regardless of whether it is a microbe, a plant or an animal.
Biology was officially identified as an independent branch of science only in the 19th century. However, its formation dates back to even more ancient times. It is known that already the great Aristotle in the 4th century BC. made the first attempts to organize information about nature, highlighting four stages in it: people, animals, plants, and the inorganic world.
Today, the profession of a biologist unites specialists of various specializations, each of whom studies only a certain class of representatives of living organisms. For example, anatomists and physiologists study the structure and features of human life, zoologists specialize in the anatomy and physiology of animals, and a botanist studies the plant world. And this is not a complete list of the specialization of a biologist. There are also modern areas such as genetics, microbiology, biotechnology, embryology, selection, biophysics, biochemistry, virology, etc.
But in any case, no matter what specialization you choose biologist, his responsibilities are almost completely identical. The responsibilities of any biologist include: studying, systematizing, researching the general properties and patterns of development of a particular group of living organisms, conducting research in laboratory conditions, analyzing the results obtained and issuing practical recommendations for improving conditions within the framework of his specialization, etc.
What personal qualities should a biologist have?
It is not difficult to guess that a biologist, first of all, must love nature and be interested in the emergence and development of life on Earth. In addition, a real biologist is different:
- analytical and logical way of thinking;
- curiosity and patience;
- accuracy and attentiveness;
- observation and rich imagination;
- well-developed figurative visual memory;
- perseverance and ability to concentrate;
- responsibility and honesty.
It should be noted that since biologist's work involves participation in laboratory studies in which various chemicals are often used; the specialist should not be prone to allergies.
Advantages of being a biologist
As mentioned above, biology is an actively developing branch of science, opening up enormous prospects for specialists for career growth and self-realization. Another undoubted advantage of the biologist profession is its demand. According to labor market experts, this profession in the coming years may become one of the most in demand and highly paid.
An important advantage of this profession is also the wide variety of institutions and organizations in which you can demonstrate your talent and professional skills. Today, biologists are gladly hired in laboratories at research institutes, environmental organizations, nature reserves, botanical and ecological gardens, research institutes, environmental organizations, agricultural sectors and education (schools, colleges, universities).
Disadvantages of being a biologist
Despite the fact that biology is one of the most popular branches of science in the world, in Russia this field of activity is still in its infancy, so the salaries of biologists are low. Especially if they work in government agencies (for example, in laboratories at research institutes or schools).
The work of a “practicing” biologist (a specialist who studies living organisms in their natural habitat) involves frequent business trips. These specialists can be found everywhere: in the desert, in the tundra, high in the mountains, in the field and at an experimental agricultural station. Naturally, it is not always possible to conduct research in comfortable conditions, so future biologists must be prepared for life in Spartan conditions.
For young specialists to be successfully employed, most often, theoretical training alone is not enough. That's why biology students It is necessary to take care of practical work experience in advance (that is, while still in the process of studying, look for a job in a specialty that is as close as possible to the future profession).
Where can you get a biologist profession?
It is very easy to become a biologist in Russia today, since almost every medical university has specialized faculties (biology, bioengineering, agronomy, etc.). Therefore, the choice of a particular university depends solely on personal interests and capabilities. Naturally, among universities there are undoubted leaders, graduates of biological faculties who get high-paying jobs much more often than graduates of other educational institutions. Therefore, if you are interested in successful employment, we recommend that you, first of all, try to become a student at such universities as:
- Moscow State University named after. M.V. Lomonosov - Faculty of Biology;
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after. K.A. Timiryazev - faculties: agronomics, soil science, animal engineering, agrochemistry and ecology, horticulture and vegetable growing;
- St. Petersburg State University – Faculty of Biology and Soils;
- Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology – faculties: automation of biotechnical systems and food biotechnology;
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after. K.I. Scriabin - faculties: zootechnology and agribusiness, veterinary biology.
Biology is provided for in the training of specialists with medical, agricultural, pedagogical and other special natural science education. Biology is studied as a compulsory subject in secondary schools. . . has ideological significance, contributes to the formation of materialistic ideas about living nature and the fight against religious prejudices. In the USSR, training of specialists with higher B. o. carried out in biological and biological-soil faculties of universities and in faculties of natural science, biological-chemical, biological-geographical departments of pedagogical institutes, in medical, agricultural, veterinary, fisheries and some other universities. In Russia, teaching biology began in the middle of the 18th century. at the medical faculty of Moscow University, and then at the beginning of the 19th century. at the medical faculties of universities in Dorpat (now Tartu), Kazan, Kharkov. Since the 40s. biological disciplines were included in agricultural curricula. institutions that began to be created at this time. During the 19th century. Large scientific biological schools and directions arose at Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities, some of them received worldwide recognition and became classics. However, B. o. as an independent branch of special education it was formed only after the Great October Socialist Revolution. In 1923-27, independent biological faculties or departments were opened in many universities, and the network of pedagogical institutes with biological departments expanded. During the years of Soviet power, a state system for training specialists with higher general biological (university and pedagogical) and special biological (medical and agricultural) education was created. Biological and biological-soil faculties of universities (in some universities - chemical-biological, biological-geographical, natural science faculties) train broad-spectrum biologists with narrow specialization in certain branches of biological science (botany, zoology, plant physiology, microbiology, cytology, biophysics, biochemistry, virology, genetics, etc.), as well as specialists in the field of related sciences (cytochemistry, biochemical genetics, environmental physiology, bionics, etc.), soil scientists and agrochemists. B. o. consists of the study of general scientific (physics, mathematics, chemistry, history of the CPSU, scientific communism, political economy, philosophy, etc.) and biological disciplines. Biological disciplines are divided into general (studied by all students) and special (free choice for in-depth training in a particular branch of biology) courses. The general ones are: botany, zoology, microbiology, biochemistry, cytology, histology and embryology, plant physiology, animal and human physiology, genetics with the basics of selection, biophysics, etc. In addition to special courses in general biological disciplines, there is specialization in such branches of biological science as such as ecology of animals and plants, botanical geography, plant genetics, genetics of microorganisms, virology, radiobiology, vitaminology, protistology, etc. In addition, universities train soil scientists and agrochemists, who also gain in-depth knowledge in the field of biology. The duration of study at biological faculties of universities is from 5 to 6 years (depending on the form of study - full-time, evening or part-time). In 1969, there were biological faculties (specialties) in 42 universities (over 40 thousand students; annual graduation rate - over 5 thousand people). In pedagogical institutes, pedagogical education is, as a rule, comprehensive and provides training for teachers in two specialties: teacher of biology and chemistry, biology and fundamentals of agriculture. production, geography and biology. Students of pedagogical institutes study general scientific and biological disciplines, special elective courses, as well as subjects of the pedagogical cycle, including methods of teaching biology. The training program for teachers of biology and fundamentals of agriculture also includes a wide range of agronomic disciplines (see Teacher Education). The duration of study at pedagogical institutes is 4-5 years (depending on the form of study and the profile of training). In 1969, 125 pedagogical institutes trained biology teachers (over 104 thousand students, including 57 thousand with two majors); annual graduation rate is about 15 thousand, including 9.3 thousand with two specialties. Auxiliary B. o. graduates of medical and agricultural studies receive. universities The curricula of medical universities include mandatory courses in biology and parasitology, biochemistry, microbiology, normal anatomy, histology with cytology and embryology, etc.; universities - general and special courses in biology, zoology, microbiology, anatomy and physiology of agriculture. animals, plant physiology, botany with geobotany, biochemistry, etc. (see Medical education, Agricultural education). In connection with the rapid development of biological science and the ever-increasing needs of the national economy for specialists in biological sciences. The production of biologists specializing in such fields of science as biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, virology, radiobiology, molecular biology, etc. has increased significantly. Departments and departments of biophysics and biochemistry are being created in the biological, physico-mathematical and chemical faculties of universities and other universities. Novosibirsk University has a medical-biological department, which trains theoretical workers in the field of medicine, and the 2nd Moscow Medical University trains biophysicists and biochemists. The training of biologists for scientific and pedagogical work is carried out in graduate school, including in many research institutes. Through the postgraduate system, specialists with physics, chemistry and mathematics education enter the field of biology. Decisive for improving the B. o. system. has a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures for the further development of biological science and strengthening its connection with practice” (1963), which provides for measures for the further development of biological, medical and agricultural. education. Widespread development of B. o. received abroad as well. Among the largest centers of B. o. - California (USA), Oxford (Great Britain), Paris, Warsaw, Charles (Czechoslovakia), Berlin (GDR) universities. . . Medvedev.
Biology Education system of training biologists for research institutions and teachers of biological disciplines. Knowledge of biology (See Biology) is provided for in the training of specialists with medical, agricultural, pedagogical and other special natural science education. Biology is studied as a compulsory subject in secondary schools. B. o. has ideological significance, contributes to the formation of materialistic ideas about living nature and the fight against religious prejudices. In the USSR, training of specialists with higher B. o. carried out in biological and biological-soil faculties of universities and in faculties of natural science, biological-chemical, biological-geographical departments of pedagogical institutes, in medical, agricultural, veterinary, fisheries and some other universities. In Russia, the teaching of biology began in the mid-18th century. at the medical faculty of Moscow University, and then at the beginning of the 19th century. at the medical faculties of universities in Dorpat (now Tartu), Kazan, Kharkov. Since the 40s. biological disciplines were included in agricultural curricula. institutions that began to be created at this time. During the 19th century. Large scientific biological schools and directions arose at Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities, some of them received worldwide recognition and became classics. However, B. o. as an independent branch of special education it was formed only after the Great October Socialist Revolution. In 1923-27, independent biological faculties or departments were opened in many universities, and the network of pedagogical institutes with biological departments expanded. During the years of Soviet power, a state system for training specialists with higher general biological (university and pedagogical) and special biological (medical and agricultural) education was created. Biological and biological-soil faculties of universities (in some universities - chemical-biological, biological-geographical, natural science faculties) train broad-spectrum biologists with narrow specialization in certain branches of biological science (botany, zoology, plant physiology, microbiology, cytology, biophysics, biochemistry, virology, genetics, etc.), as well as specialists in the field of related sciences (cytochemistry, biochemical genetics, environmental physiology, bionics, etc.), soil scientists and agrochemists. B. o. consists of the study of general scientific (physics, mathematics, chemistry, history of the CPSU, scientific communism, political economy, philosophy, etc.) and biological disciplines. Biological disciplines are divided into general (studied by all students) and special (free choice for in-depth training in a particular branch of biology) courses. The general ones are: botany, zoology, microbiology, biochemistry, cytology, histology and embryology, plant physiology, animal and human physiology, genetics with the basics of selection, biophysics, etc. In addition to special courses in general biological disciplines, there is specialization in such branches of biological science as such as ecology of animals and plants, botanical geography, plant genetics, genetics of microorganisms, virology, radiobiology, vitaminology, protistology, etc. In addition, universities train soil scientists and agrochemists, who also gain in-depth knowledge in the field of biology. The duration of study at biological faculties of universities is from 5 to 6 years (depending on the form of study - full-time, evening or part-time). In 1969, there were biological faculties (specialties) in 42 universities (over 40 thousand students; annual graduation rate - over 5 thousand people). In pedagogical institutes, pedagogical education is, as a rule, comprehensive and provides training for teachers in two specialties: teacher of biology and chemistry, biology and fundamentals of agriculture. production, geography and biology. Students of pedagogical institutes study general scientific and biological disciplines, special elective courses, as well as subjects of the pedagogical cycle, including methods of teaching biology. The training program for teachers of biology and fundamentals of agriculture also includes a wide range of agronomic disciplines (see Teacher Education). The duration of study at pedagogical institutes is 4-5 years (depending on the form of study and the profile of training). In 1969, 125 pedagogical institutes trained biology teachers (over 104 thousand students, including 57 thousand with two majors); annual graduation rate is about 15 thousand, including 9.3 thousand with two specialties.
In connection with the rapid development of biological science and the ever-increasing needs of the national economy for specialists in biological sciences. The output of biologists specializing in such fields of science as biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, virology, radiobiology, molecular biology, etc. has significantly increased. Departments and departments of biophysics and biochemistry are being created in biological, physics, mathematics and chemistry faculties of universities and other universities. Novosibirsk University has a medical-biological department that trains theoretical workers in the field of medicine, and the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute trains biophysicists and biochemists. The training of biologists for scientific and pedagogical work is carried out in graduate school, including in many research institutes. Through the postgraduate system, specialists with physics, chemistry and mathematics education enter the field of biology. Decisive for improving the B. o. system. has a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures for the further development of biological science and strengthening its connection with practice” (1963), which provides for measures for the further development of biological, medical and agricultural. education. Widespread development of B. o. received abroad as well. Among the largest centers of B. o. - California (USA), Oxford (Great Britain), Paris, Warsaw, Charles (Czechoslovakia), Berlin (GDR) universities. Zh. A. Medvedev.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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