Incorrect balance on account 43. Closing the month in accounting
As part of the instructions on how to close accounts 20, as well as other costly accounts - 23, 25, 26 in 1C: Accounting 8.3, it should immediately be noted that when checking this operation at the end of the month, account balances 25 and 26 * at the end there should not be a month; on 20 and 23, on the contrary, there may be a balance in the amount of work in progress, work or services.
*In tax accounting, before December 31, account 26 can be closed with a balance of normalized expenses (for example, advertising expenses).
From the point of view of the cost of goods produced, all expenses are classified as direct or indirect*. The first of them can no doubt be included in the production process of specific types of goods, that is, they can be consumables, salaries of the main production personnel, etc. cannot be attributed to the initial cost of a particular type of product. They are usually attributed, for example, to administrative expenses, payment for the work of an administrative and managerial level, etc.
* This distinction is typical mainly for accounting of industrial firms.
Closing expense accounts at the end of the month
Closing of accounts 25, as well as 20, 23 and 26, is carried out through the corresponding regulated operation, which is located in the "Operations / Closing of the period / Closing of the month" or "Operations / Closing of the period / Scheduled operations" section.
Displaying both types of expenses in accounting
The table “Settings for the reflection and write-off of costs in accounting” (below) contains the settings for both types of expenses in accounting, which are located in the “Main / Accounting policy” section.
Commercial structures whose business is based on services to manufacturers put a tick in front of "Performance of work / provision of services ...", to set up "Costs are written off" for one of the options:
- "Excluding revenue": from Kt 20 to Dt 90.02, i.e. even in the absence of turnovers on account 90.01.
- "Including all revenue": from Kt 20 to Dt of account 90.02 in the context of the groupings of the nomenclature for which it was.
- “Including revenue from manufacturing services only”: can be written off after the issue is issued through an act of services rendered.
Manufacturers themselves must mark for execution "Output".
After these steps, a set of switches will become available. "General expenses included":
Thus, indirect expenses from Kt 26 will be written off to Dt of direct accounts - 20 or 23 (in the second case, at the end of the month, additional expenses will be automatically written off to Dt 20, and then from Kt 20 to 40 or 43).
If account 25 is used to display indirect expenses in a manufacturing company, then it is necessary to establish a rule for posting them on direct accounts using the link to the posting methods mentioned above. According to the accounting methodology, from 25 they are posted to Dt 20 or 23. Similarly, in the case of distribution on 23, at the end of the month, the costs will automatically be written off to Dt 20, and then closed on 40 or 43.
That is, at the close of the month, indirect expenses are first written off from Kt 26 to Dt 90.08 (in the case of write-offs using the direct costing method) or from Kt 26 to Dt 20 or 23 (according to the separation rules, if any). Costs from 25 will be written off on Dt 20 or 23 according to the reallocation rules. Direct lines are written off by item groups to the cost price.
Expenses in tax accounting
The list of direct expenses attributed to production is in the section "Main/Accounting policy/Setting up taxes and reports/Income tax/List of direct expenses".
Expenses that are not listed among the direct ones will be considered indirect in tax accounting and will be written off on 90.08, and direct ones will be written off on 40.
» accounting operations for finished products were available, the program should be configured accordingly.
In the functionality settings (section "Main" - Settings - Functionality), on the "Production" tab, the "Production" checkbox should be checked:
In addition, you need to correctly: in the form of its settings on the "Costs" tab, indicate the output as a type of activity, the cost accounting for which is carried out on account 20 (Main production):
Here you can also set up accounting for products. By default, the program takes into account the released products at their planned cost on accounting account 43 (Finished products), then during the closing of the period it is produced, and the amount is adjusted.
If the accountant wants to use accounting account 40 (Release of finished products), then in the form accounting policy you should click the "Advanced" button on the "Costs" tab and check the box "Take into account deviations from the planned cost". Then the released products will be recorded at the planned cost on account 40, and then the program will calculate the actual cost at the end of the period and take it into account on account 43.
Finished products in 1C on examples
Standard documents in 1C 8.3 to reflect production operations are available in the "Production" section (see the "Product output" subsection).
Reflection of production output is made by the “Report of production for a shift”. Despite the name, this program object is not a report, but a typical document.
It is first necessary to add manufactured products to the reference book "", indicating for them the type of nomenclature - Products. If the organization uses different ones in accounting for its activities, you must also fill in the "Nomenclature group" field (by selecting a position from the directory).
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An example of accounting for finished products in 1C without account 40
Example 1. At a furniture company, tables "Director" and tables "Clerk" were made. Accounting policy prescribes to keep records of manufactured products on account 43, without account 40.
- Output. In order to reflect the release, we will create a standard document "". In the details of the "header" we indicate the warehouse (if the organization maintains warehouse records) and the cost account. On the "Products" tab, in the rows of the table, we indicate the manufactured products, manually put down their planned price. By default, the accounting account is filled - 43.
Document 1C will generate accounting entries for accounts Dt 43 Kt 20 for the amount of the planned cost of production.
- Sales of finished products. It is registered in the program in a standard way using a standard document "".
- Closing the month and adjusting the cost. At the end of the period (month), we will perform routine automatic processing in the program "". She will calculate the cost of production, based on the amount of actual costs posted to the debit of account 20 for the item group of products (if item groups are not used, the costs are considered as a whole on account 20). Costs usually include the cost of raw materials, the wages of workers in production, etc. Then the program will adjust the cost of production. To view the postings of this operation, you need to click on the link “Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26” in the form for closing the month and select “Show postings”:
We see that in 1C an accounting entry has been formed that corrects the cost of production: Dt 43 Kt 20. At the same time, the amount of the posting can be negative, depending on which cost is greater - planned or actual.
If the manufactured products were sold, then during the closing of the period, the program also corrects the cost of its write-off by generating a posting to the debit of account 90.02 “Cost of sales”:
The program allows you to generate convenient analytical references-calculations "Cost calculation" and "Cost of manufactured products". They are also available in the form of closing the month (after the completion of the closing) at the link "Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26".
The "Cost calculation" reflects the costs incurred for each unit of production:
Another reference-calculation - "Cost of products" - shows the value of the actual cost, planned, as well as the deviation of the "fact" from the "plan":
An example of accounting for products with an account of 40
Example 2. At a furniture company, tables "Director" and tables "Clerk" were made. The accounting policy of the enterprise prescribes the use of accounting account 40 “Release of finished products”.
In the program, it is necessary to configure the use of account 40 in the accounting policy (see the beginning of the article).
Greetings! Today we will look at the process of "closing the month" in a real company providing services. We will see how our accounting theory works in practice. At the same time once again learn to "look into the turnovers."
According to the basics of accounting theory and our new knowledge, let's try to predict what we should see after the “closing of the month”. For clarity, we will take as a basis the Turnover Balance Sheet (OSV) of our enterprise. Here is an example of OSV.
Isn't that what we expect to see?
- 26 account should be at the end of the month without a balance.
those. BalanceClosingDebit(SKD) = 0 - Without a balance, there must be 90 and 91 accounts
- In Turnovers for the period, 99 accounts should have some amounts
We start the procedure "closing the month"
Let's see how our "turnover" has changed.
I will comment a little.
Look, the 26th account “closed” at the end of the month - it became 0. This is good. Here is the boo wiring showing how it happened.
As you can see, the expense accounts "transfer" their accumulated amounts from their Credit to Debit to the account for recording the financial result. Remember the financial result formula? What accounts are involved?
So, in Debit 90 and 91 accounts, the expenses of our company for the current month are collected. Now we can calculate the financial result for each of them. Calculating the financial result is some kind of action on 90, 91 accounts. As you remember, 90 and 91 accounts after summing up the financial result should be equal to 0. And the final result of financial activity will be on account 99.
Zero balances on 90 and 91 accounts should be in the whole account. Sub-accounts of these accounts will have balances until December 31, before the procedure - balance reformation. But more on that later.
This is how the situation for 90, 91 and 99 accounts looks like in our SALT. This situation occurs after the "transfer" of expenses to account 90, BUT before closing 90, 91.
Look, I've highlighted the key accounts from the entire SWS to show the "closing of the month" intermediate stage. We see that the 26th account was closed: the balances on it are equal to zero. And, in our case, the amount of the 26th account was displayed in the Debit of the 90th account.
In our example, the firm has only 26 accounts. If there were 44 accounts, it would also be closed and the amount from it would be transferred to the Debit of 90 accounts.
Thus, Debit 90 of the account collects amounts from the company's expense accounts, plus accumulates the cost of goods sold, products. The cost price, as you understand, is available for manufacturing and trading firms. We have only accumulated expenses from account 26.
Now we see that on accounts 90 and 91 different amounts were formed for the Debit turnover (DO) and Credit turnover (KO). It turns out that for each of these accounts, there is a closing balance: 1705778.54 and 11374.53. Now for us there is no big difference where this balance is - in Debit or Credit. We only care about one thing:
Closing 90 and 91 accounts involves such actions so that the balance turns to zero. Those. we must make such entries for each account in correspondence with 99 so that our numbers - 1705778.54 and 11374.53 - go away. Those. the remainder would be zero. This is the rule for closing 90 and 91 accounts in general - for them the balance must be equal to zero.
And in order for the balances to become zero, we must have the existing difference between DO and KO, (these are the final balances) transfer by posting to account 99. In other words,
- for account 90 we will "add" 1705778.54 to Debit.
- for 91 accounts we will "add" to Credit 11374.53
The next report shows how we “add the necessary numbers” through postings, thereby closing accounts 90 and 91. The closure of these accounts will be correct if after - the balances on them at the end of the period (month) become 0.
As you can see, the closing of accounts 90 and 91 goes through their internal sub-accounts 90.9 and 91.9 in correspondence with account 99. Where 90.9 (91.9) will stand in the Debit or Credit of the transaction depends on where there are not enough amounts so that the account at the end of the period gives 0.
Conclusion
Now we have considered the most-most-most simple option, what the “turnover” and the principle of “closing the month” look like for companies providing services.
For trading organizations, SALT looks a little different. For example, we will see 41 and 44 accounts. For production - there will be 20, 25, 40, 43, 44.
All enterprises can have 76 and 73 accounts. In addition, many enterprises have 01 accounts with their subsidiary accounts 02 and 08 accounts.
All this diversity is not as difficult as it seems at first glance. Whatever accounting accounts you have to deal with in accounting, everything will come to the “turnover”, where it will be necessary to take the amounts from all accounting accounts of Expenses and “move” them to accounts 90 and 91. Then, from accounts 90 and 91, move the resulting balances to account 99. And so every month until December. In December, at the "closing of the month" there will be another operation called "balance sheet reformation".
For the “closing of the month” process, there are a few more basic knowledge that affect the rules for transferring amounts to account 90. We are considering all of this practical exercises and learn how to solve such accounting situations from the event to the close of the month.
Addition
The article raised questions, which was to be expected. Accounting is not a difficult subject, but all its numbers, rules make it difficult, confusing and confusing. The very first questions showed that more explanations should be given to this article. answers two important questions:
- should more details be given in the OSV
- in OSV on account 26 different amounts - is this a mistake in the article?
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The final stage of the work of the chief accountant is an action called “closing the month”. Most of of all enterprises, this action is performed by ......
Now we have one of the most extensive and sometimes very complex topics. Perhaps even in five or even ten visits - it is impossible to study it all. Today we are only going to talk about...
Materials at the enterprise are objects of the real world that can be seen, touched. The assignment of objects to the name materials occurs according to the role ......
Finished products — main result the production process of the enterprise. It acts in the form of products and items, the processing of which in this organization is completed completely, corresponding to the standards and specifications adopted by the Quality Control Department and transferred to the warehouse of finished products. Consider typical postings for the issue and in accounting for and account.
The tasks of accounting for finished products in accounting:
- constant control over the volumes of output of finished products and their quality, safety of stocks and their size;
- timely and competent documenting products shipped to buyers,;
- clear control over the supply of finished products and their compliance with the concluded contracts in terms of quantity, range and assortment;
- Accurate and timely calculation of sales proceeds, actual cost and profit.
Production and release of finished products in transactions on accounts 43 and 40
The output of finished products is accounted for at the planned or actual cost. In the first case, it is used, from which the actual cost is then written off to and the difference between the actual cost and the planned cost in correspondence with the account .02 is adjusted in a separate posting.
Wiring:
Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
() | ( , ) | Finished products are released from production and delivered to the warehouse at their actual cost | 5000 | Help-calculation, costing |
Released finished products are taken into account at their planned cost | 5100 | Reference-calculation, act of release of finished products | ||
.02 | Adjusted the difference in the cost of manufactured finished products (savings) | 100 | Help-calculation (closing of the month) |
How to reflect the sale of products in the postings
The volume of sales includes all finished products shipped to customers, regardless of whether it is paid for or not. The sale of products can take place both with its subsequent payment after shipment, and on an advance payment.
Wiring:
Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
1. Sale of finished products before payment by the buyer | ||||
90.02 | Sent for sale of finished products at their actual cost | 5000 | Invoice (TORG-12) | |
90.01 | Reflected revenue for sold products with VAT | 7080 | Invoice (TORG-12) and invoice | |
Reflected VAT on sold products | 1080 | |||
The supplier's debt for the shipped products is paid off | 7080 | |||
2. Sale of finished products on prepayment | ||||
Received advance payment from buyer | 7080 | Payment order, bank statement | ||
76 | VAT charged on prepayment amount | 1080 | sales book, | |
90.02 | 5000 | Invoice (TORG-12), invoice | ||
90.01 | Accounted sales revenue | 7080 | Invoice (TORG-12), invoice | |
The previously received prepayment was set off as repayment of the debt to the buyer | 7080 | Help-calculation | ||
76 | VAT offset from prepayment amount | 1080 | Invoice | |
Starting from 2013, all organizations (including organizations using the simplified tax system and UTII) required to keep records, draw up and submit to the tax authorities and to ROSSTAT a mandatory copy of the financial statements for 2018: the balance sheet and the income statement.
It is necessary to hand over the balance sheet of a small business in two addresses, places. The obligation to submit a mandatory copy of the accounting (financial) statements to the state statistics authority (Rosstat) at the place of state registration arises in accordance with the law on accounting 402-FZ.
But the second copy of the financial statements - the balance sheet and the income statement must be submitted to the tax office - the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. This obligation arises according to. Where does it say in paragraph 5 of paragraph 1 that the taxpayer is obliged to submit to the tax authority at the location of the organization annual accounting (financial) statements no later than three months after the end of the reporting year.
Note : Except when the organization is in accordance with federal law dated December 6, 2011 No. "On Accounting" is not required to keep accounting records. These include, in particular, individual entrepreneurs.
Before compiling financial statements for the year, the accountant needs to summarize the activities of the organization and close the accounts accounting, according to which the financial result of the organization's activities is determined.
The work must also be guided by, the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the data of the tax registers of the organization.
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How to close reporting periods in accounting and determine financial results during the year
It is clear that this is an unusual and complicated matter for beginners, so we will briefly and in an accessible form describe this process.
To determine the financial result of the organization, you need to close the reporting period. In accounting, a month is recognized as a reporting period (clause 48 PBU 4/99).
All accounts related to the display of production costs, revenue (income), and the formation of a financial result for compiling the balance sheet of a small business can be conditionally divided into three groups:
1 . Accounts that, in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 N 94n "On Approval of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for Its Application", do not have a balance at the end of the month - 25 "General production expenses" 26 " General running costs".
2 . Accounts that, in most cases, have a balance - work in progress, but can be completely closed (20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Service production and farms")
3. Accounts that generally do not have a balance at the end of the month, but have a balance for each sub-account - 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”.
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Write-off of expenses on expense accounts
Write-off of expenses on account 26 "General business expenses"
The procedure for closing account 26 depends on the chosen accounting policy, or rather, the method of forming the cost of production.
The cost price can be formed: 1) according to the full production cost; or 2) at reduced cost of production.
Note: For small businesses, the second option is more convenient.
When choosing an accounting policy at full production cost» monthly expenses can be written off by postings:
Debit 20 "Main production" Credit 26
Debit 23 "Auxiliary production" Credit 26
Debit 29 "Service industries and farms" Credit 26
When choosing an accounting policy at reduced production cost» general business expenses can be fully attributed to the cost of:
D 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 26.
Write-off of costs on account 25 "General production costs"
Account 25 is closed monthly by debiting the amount of expenses from the account with the following entries:
Debit 20 "Main production" Credit 25
Debit 23 "Auxiliary production" Credit 25
Debit 29 "Service industries and farms" Credit 25
depending on the activities associated with these costs.
Write-off of costs from account 44 "Sale costs"
Write-off of costs from account 44 "Sale costs" occurs monthly in full or in part by posting:
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 44 - sales expenses written off.
Closing of account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Service production and farms"
At the end of the month, accounts 20,23,29 can be closed with postings:
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 20
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 23
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 29
Service sector organizations can completely close these accounts (without leaving work in progress on the balance of accounts).
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Closing of accounts 90 "Sales" and 91 "Other income and expenses"
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result from the activities carried out (profit or loss).
The financial result of the organization's activities is determined as follows:
The amount of the organization's revenue (Turnover on the Credit of account 90.1) minus the cost of sales (the amount of turnover on accounts 90.2, 90.3,90.4,90.5).
If the difference between the Revenue (minus VAT and other similar payments) and the Cost is positive, then the organization made a profit in the reporting month.
The amount of profit is reflected in the posting:
Debit 90.9 Credit 99 - profit is reflected at the end of the month.
If the difference is negative, then the organization has received a loss.
The amount of the loss is reflected in the posting:
Debit 99 Credit 90.9 - reflects the loss at the end of the month.
Thus, the sub-accounts of account 90 “Sales” have a balance at the end of each reporting month, but account 90 itself should not have a balance at the end of the month.
At the end of the year, all sub-accounts of account 90 that have a balance must be closed.
Sub-accounts are closed by the following transactions:
D 90.1 K 90.9 - closing of account 90.1 "Revenue" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.2 - closing of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.3 - closing of account 90.3 "Value Added Tax" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.4 - closing of account 90.4 "Excises" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.5 - closing of account 90.5 "Export duties" at the end of the year.
Closing of account 91 "Other income and expenses"
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The balance of other income and expenses is the difference between the turnover on the Credit of account 91.1 “Other income” and the turnover on the Debit of account 91.2 “Other expenses”. If the balance of the account is credit - the organization has made a profit, debit - a loss.
The financial result for other income and expenses is reflected in the following entries:
Debit 91.9 Credit 99 - reflected profit from other activities;
Debit 99 Credit 91.9 - reflected the loss from other activities;
At the end of the year, all sub-accounts of account 91 are closed by postings:
Debit 91.1 Credit 91.9 - subaccount 91.1 is closed at the end of the year.
Debit 91.9 Credit 91.2 - closed sub-account 91.2 at the end of the year.
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Closing of account 99 “Profit and Loss” at the end of the year
If at the end of the year the organization made a profit, then the posting is formed:
Debit 99 Credit 84 - reflects the net profit of the reporting year.
if loss , then posting:
Debit 84 Credit 99 - reflects the uncovered loss of the reporting year.
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A simple form of accounting for micro-enterprises
The right to keep records by groups of articles of financial statements, without applying double entry on accounts.
The easiest way to organize accounting - do not use double entry at all, that is, do not make any postings at all. True, only micro-enterprises can use this method (clause 6.1 PBU 1/2008). And only if it does not distort information about the company, that is, it will allow the preparation of financial statements.
The article will help to draw up a balance sheet, the balances and turnovers are considered in detail, for which accounts the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results for Small Business Entities are compiled (KND Form 0710098). Download forms of balance sheet and income statement. Simplified accounting for small businesses. Download the program Taxpayer version 4.45.2
Internet reporting. Contour.Extern
FTS, PFR, FSS, Rosstat, RAR, RPN. The service does not require installation and updating - the reporting forms are always up-to-date, and the built-in check will ensure that the report is submitted the first time. Send reports to the Federal Tax Service directly from 1C!