Message on the theme of the gods of ancient Rome. The religion of ancient Rome: the formation of belief as a reflection of the development of civilization
The inhabitants of Ancient Rome were sure that their life depended on different Gods. Each sphere had its own specific patron. In general, the pantheon of the Roman gods consisted of the most significant figures and of minor deities and spirits. The Romans erected temples and erected statues to their gods, and also regularly brought gifts to them and held holidays.
roman gods
The religion of Ancient Rome is characterized by polytheism, but among the numerous patrons, several significant figures can be distinguished:
- The most important ruler is Jupiter. The Romans considered him the patron of thunder and storms. He showed his will by shooting lightning on the ground. It was believed that the place where they get becomes sacred. They asked Jupiter for rain for a good harvest. He was considered the patron saint of the Roman state.
- Roman god of war Mars part of the triad of gods heading the Roman pantheon. Initially, he was considered the patron saint of vegetation. It was Mars that was sacrificed by warriors before going to war, and also thanked him after successful battles. The symbol of this god was a spear - regin. Despite their militancy, the Romans portrayed Mars in a peaceful pose, arguing that he was resting after the battles. Often in his hands he held a statue of the goddess of victory Nike.
- Roman Asclepius most often presented as an old man with a beard. The main and most famous attribute was a staff that wraps around a snake. It is used as a symbol of medicine to this day. Only thanks to his activities and the work done, he was awarded immortality. The Romans created great amount sculptures and temples that are dedicated specifically to the god of healing. Asclepius made many discoveries in the field of medicine.
- Roman god of fertility Liber. He was also considered the patron saint of winemaking. He was most popular among farmers. A holiday held on March 17 is dedicated to this god. On this day, young boys wore a toga for the first time. The Romans would gather at crossroads, put on masks made from bark, and swing the phallus, which was made from flowers.
- The sun god in Roman mythology Apollo often associated with the life-giving power of the sky. Over time, patronage over other areas of life began to be attributed to this god. For example, in myths, Apollo often acts as a representative of many life phenomena. Since he was the brother of the goddess of the hunt, he was considered a skilled marksman. The farmers believed that it was Apollo who had the powers that help the bread ripen. For sailors, he was the god of the sea, who rode on a dolphin.
- God of love in Roman mythology Cupid was considered a symbol of inevitable love and passion. They represented him as a young guy or a child with curly golden hair. Cupid had wings on his back, which helped him move and hit people from any convenient position. The irreplaceable attributes of the god of love were the bow and arrows, which could both give feelings and deprive them. In some images, Cupid is shown blindfolded, and this indicated that love is blind. The golden arrows of the god of love could hit not only ordinary people but also the gods. Cupid fell in love with an ordinary mortal girl, Psyche, who went through many trials and eventually became immortal. Cupid is a popular deity who is used in the creation of various souvenir items.
- Roman god of the fields Faun was a companion of Dionysus. He was also considered the patron of forests, shepherds and fishermen. He was always cheerful and, together with the nymphs who accompany him, danced and played the flute. The Romans considered the Faun to be a crafty god who stole children, sent nightmares and illnesses. Dogs and goats were sacrificed in the fields. According to the legends, the Faun taught people how to cultivate the land.
This is only a small list of Roman gods, since there are many of them and they are completely different. Many gods of Ancient Rome and Greece are similar in appearance, behavior, etc.
Undoubtedly, we all know the name of our planets from childhood. solar system, but does everyone know that each of these celestial bodies is named after the gods of the ancient Romans? Meanwhile, the Roman Empire was one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world, and its legacy is now used not only by the direct descendants of the inhabitants of the empire, but also by people of other nationalities. Culture and religion can be called the most important factors that influenced the development of civilization, so the religion of ancient Rome is an integral part of the greatest empire.
Comparing the religion of ancient Rome with the beliefs of other ancient powers, we can conclude that despite the presence of some common features, the religion of the Romans has significant differences from the cults that other peoples adhered to - the Celts, Scythians, Indians, etc. The ancient Romans are one of the few nations, in the beliefs of which there are practically no signs of totemism, because the citizens of the empire did not consider any animal sacred and did not identify their gods with any representatives of the fauna. And even the legend about the founders of Rome - the brothers Roma and Remulus, found and fed by a she-wolf, is rather not evidence of totemism, but confirmation that the ancient Romans held the view that nature should serve man.
The formation of the religion of ancient Rome
The first Romans, who lived before the rise of the Roman Empire, had well-established religious traditions, but their beliefs, also known as the "religion of Numa Pompilius", could be said to be adapted to the life of farmers, artisans and livestock breeders. The ancient ancestors of modern Italians revered an infinite number of gods, each of which identified a natural phenomenon - for example, farmers worshiped the deity of the earth, the deity of the harvest, the deity of trees, etc. Almost every natural phenomenon, as well as representatives of flora and fauna, had their own deities, and the Romans prayed to them, asking for patronage and help in any matter. The Romans also explained any incident by God's will, so it is not surprising that this people had a lot of rituals aimed at appeasing the gods.
8. The need to ask the advice of the gods and pray for their alms in the event of some emergency or event
9. A large number of fortune-telling, which were encouraged by religion and carried out by priests
10. Severe punishment for refusing to observe religious traditions and to be present during numerous religious rites.
Pantheon of the gods of the ancient Romans
Undoubtedly, it is hardly possible to list all the gods worshiped by the ancient Romans, since their number is more than one hundred, and in different provinces of the empire, the population worshiped different deities. However, there were still gods who were equally revered both in Rome and in the most distant provinces of the empire. Two main triads of gods should be highlighted - patrician and plebeian. The patrician triad of gods are the supreme gods worshiped by the elite of Roman society, these gods were Jupiter (supreme deity, god of the sun and sky), Minerva (goddess of reason and justice) and Juno (goddess of sensuality and love). Ordinary people considered their supreme gods Ciceru (goddess of the earth, motherhood and fertility), Libera (patron saint of winemaking) and Lieber (patron of the life-giving forces of nature).
roman gods
In Rome, the twelve great Olympians became Romans. The influence of Greek art and literature there was so great that the ancient Roman deities acquired similarities with the corresponding Greek gods, and then completely merged with them. Most of them, however, had Roman names: Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), Neptune (Poseidon), Vesta (Hestia), Mars (Ares), Minerva (Athena), Venus (Aphrodite), Mercury (Hermes) , Diana (Artemis), Vulcan or Mulkiber (Hephaestus), Ceres (Demeter).
Two of them retained their Greek names: Apollo and Pluto; and the second of them was never called Hades in Rome. The god of wine, viticulture and winemaking Bacchus (but never Dionysus!) also had a Latin name: Liber.
It was fairly easy for the Romans to adopt the Greek pantheon of gods, as their own gods were not personified enough. The Romans had a deep religious feeling, but not much imagination. They would never have been able to create images of Olympians - each with lively, well-defined features. Their gods, before they had to give way to the Greeks, they imagined rather vaguely, hardly more vividly than simply "those who are above." They were called by a common, collective name: Numina (Numina), which in Latin means Strength or Will, perhaps Will-Force.
Until Greek literature and art made their way into Italy, the Romans had no need for beautiful, poetic gods. They were practical people and did not worry much about “muses in violet wreaths” or “lyrical Apollo, who extracts sweet melodies from his lyre”, etc. They wanted to worship pragmatic gods. Thus, an important Power in their eyes was "the one who guards the cradle." Another such Power was "the one who disposes of children's food." Myths about them never formed. For the most part, no one even knew whether they were male or female. The simple acts of daily life were associated with them; these gods gave them a certain dignity, which could not be said of the Greek gods, with the exception of Demeter and Dionysus.
The most famous and revered of them were Lares and Penates. Each Roman family had its own lara, the spirit of the ancestor, and several penates, keepers of the hearth and guardians of the household. These were the family's own gods, belonging only to her, her most important part, the protectors and patrons of the house. They were never offered prayers in temples; this was done only at home, where at each meal they were offered a certain amount of food. There were also public lares and penates, which performed the same functions in relation to the city as personal ones - to the family.
There were also many Vol-Powers associated with housekeeping: for example, Termina, the guardian of the borders; Priapus, god of fertility; Palee, patroness of livestock; Sylvan, assistant to plowmen and lumberjacks. Their list is quite extensive. Everything that was important for the management of the economy was administered by some beneficent force, which was never given any definite form.
Saturn was one of these Vol-Powers, patrons of the sowers and crops, and his consort One acted as the assistant of the harvesters. In a later era, Saturn was identified with the Greek Cronus and considered the father of Jupiter, the Greek Zeus. Thus, he was given personal properties; a number of myths were built about him. In memory of the "golden age", when he ruled in Italy, every year in winter a holiday was held in Rome - Saturnalia. His idea was that during the festivities, the “golden age” returns to the earth. At this time it was forbidden to declare war; slaves and masters ate at the same table; punishments were postponed; everyone gave gifts to each other. In this way, the idea of the equality of people, of the time when everyone was on the same social level, was supported in the human brain.
Janus was also originally one of these Vol-Forces, more precisely, the "god of good beginnings", which, of course, should also end well. Over time, he to a certain extent personified. The facades of his main temple in Rome faced east and west, that is, where the sun rises and where it sets; the temple had two doors, between which stood a statue of Janus with two faces: old and young. If Rome was at peace with her neighbors, both doors were closed. During the first seven hundred years of the existence of Rome, they were closed only three times: during the reign of the good king Numa Pompilius, after the First Punic War in 241 BC. e. and during the reign of the emperor Augustus, when, according to Milton,
No thunder of wars, no clicks of battles
Already heard was not in the sublunar world.
Naturally, New Year began with the month dedicated to Janus, that is, from January.
Faun was the grandson of Saturn. He represents something like the Greek Pan; he was a rather rough, uncouth god. However, he also possessed a prophetic gift and appeared to people in a dream. Fauns became Roman satyrs.
Quirinus is the name of the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome (13).
Mana is the souls of the righteous in Hades. Sometimes they were considered divine and worshiped.
Lemurs or Larva - the souls of sinners and villains; they were very afraid.
Kameny - originally very useful from a practical point of view, goddesses who took care of springs, reservoirs, etc., healed diseases and predicted the future. With the advent of the Greek gods in Rome, they were identified with the completely non-pragmatic Muses, who patronized only art and science. According to one version, Egeria, who gave advice to King Numa Pompilius, was such a Kamena.
Lucina is sometimes seen as a Roman goddess of childbirth; however, this name is usually used as an epithet for the names of Juno or Diana.
Pomona and Vertumn were originally considered Will-Forces, patronizing gardening and horticulture. Later they were personified and the myth of how they fell in love with each other was even complicated.
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Mars, lat., greek Ares is the Roman god of war and the patron of Roman power, the son of Jupiter and Juno.
Unlike, who was among the Greeks the god of violent war and did not enjoy special honor, Mars was one of the most revered Roman gods, only Jupiter stood above him. According to Roman myths, Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. Therefore, the Romans considered themselves his descendants and believed that Mars loves them more than all other peoples and provides them with victories in wars. In archaic times, Mars was also revered as the god of harvest, fields, forests and spring. This is evidenced by a number of surviving prayers of farmers and the name of the first month of spring (March).
The wife of Mars was the goddess Neria (Nerio), about whom it is only known that Mars had to kidnap her. But Romulus and Remus were born to him by the Vestal Rhea Sylvia, daughter of the Latin king Numitor. In battles, Mars was constantly accompanied by Pallor and Pavor, "Paleness" and "Horror", corresponding to the satellites of Ares and Phobos. As their forefather, the Romans called him Mars Pater or Marspiter, as the god of war, who gives victory, he was called Mars Victor. Mars showed his favor for Rome already in ancient times, dropping his own shield from the sky to protect the city. By order of King Numa Pompilius, eleven exactly the same shields were subsequently made, so that an attacker who would take it into his head to steal the shield of Mars would not be able to identify it. All year these shields were kept in the sanctuary of Mars in the Forum. Only on March 1, on the birthday of the god, his priests (salias) carried them around the city in a solemn procession, accompanied by dancing and singing. The sacred animals of Mars were the wolf, the woodpecker, the spear was the symbol.
"Mars and Rhea Silvia", Rubens
The Romans honored Mars with special festivities. In addition to the processions of the Salii, these were, in particular, horse competitions (ekvirii), held annually on February 27 and March 14. However, the most important celebration was the so-called “suovetavrilia”, which took place every five years after the end of the next census of the Roman population (census). It consisted in the fact that around the Romans, who had gathered on the Field of Mars and lined up in battle order, a pig, a sheep and a bull were escorted three times, which were then sacrificed to Mars. By this sacrifice, the Roman people cleansed themselves of all sins and secured the help and protection of Mars for the future.
In addition to Mars, the Romans knew and honored other gods of war: in ancient times it was first of all, who was later identified with the founder of Rome, Romulus; they also revered the goddess of war. Later, under Greek influence, they transferred some properties to their goddess Minerva, and as a result, she also became the goddess of war. However, the cult of Mars as the god of war decisively prevailed until the fall of ancient Rome.
"Battle of Mars and Minerva" by Jacques Louis David
In honor of Mars, the Romans erected several temples and shrines in their city. The oldest of them stood on the Field of Mars (on the left bank of the Tiber), where military exercises, censor reviews and public meetings were held, at which in ancient times the issue of declaring war was decided. The sanctuary of Mars in the Forum was also considered very ancient. Going to war, each commander came to the sanctuary, shook the shields of Mars, asked God for help and promised him part of the spoils of war. The most magnificent temple was dedicated by Emperor Augustus to Mars the Avenger (Mars Ultor) in memory of the retribution that befell the murderers of his adoptive father, Julius Caesar. The temple was consecrated in 2 AD. h. on the new forum of Augustus, several damaged columns and the base of the temple statue have been preserved from it. The Campus Martius in Rome disappeared as a result of development already during the time of the empire. At the end of the 1st c. n. e. Emperor Domitian ordered the construction of a stadium in its place, the contours of which correspond to the current Roman square of Navona. (Centuries later, new Fields of Mars sprang up in Paris, St. Petersburg, and other cities—even Detroit).
Venus, Mars and the Graces, Jacques Louis David
Mars has long since died along with the rest of the ancient gods, but, unfortunately, humanity brings him more and more victims: Mars is the most famous and still living symbol of war. Already in ancient times, Mars passed from mythology to astronomy as a "bloody planet". In 1877, the American astronomer A. Hall discovered two satellites of the planet Mars, Deimos and Phobos, the existence of which was foreseen by Swift 150 years before this discovery. Many ancient statues and images of Mars have survived, and even more have been created in modern times (see the article "Apec").
In a number of cities, the place of military reviews was called the Field of Mars:
"I love martial liveliness
Amusing Fields of Mars ... "
- A. S. Pushkin, "The Bronze Horseman".
Who were the gods of ancient Rome? What legends and real events were associated with deities? All these questions can be answered in this article, learn l...
Ancient gods of Rome: a list with a description
By Masterweb
06.05.2018 23:00Antique culture has always attracted humanity. After the dark period of the Middle Ages, people turned to achievements Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, trying to comprehend their art, attitude to life. The era following the Middle Ages became known as the Renaissance (Renaissance). Workers of culture and arts also turned to antiquity in the Enlightenment. This can be said about almost every historical segment of the existence of mankind. So what is it that attracts us so much in ancient Greece and Rome? Most of all, we know the myths and legends that contain the deep foundations of morality. The heroes of myths are people, fantastic creatures and, of course, gods.
Ancient gods of Rome
The ancient Roman gods are very similar to the ancient Greek ones. This is no coincidence: the two civilizations were close, and when the Roman Empire began to seize other states, it included foreign gods in its pantheon.
Although the pantheon of the gods of Ancient Rome grew significantly as a result, 12 gods remained the main ones - 6 men and 6 women - the so-called Council of the Gods. In addition, there are other revered gods.
Saturn
One of the significant ancient gods of Rome. Saturn was not a member of the Council of the Gods, but was highly revered. The question arises: Saturn - the god of what in ancient Rome? Corresponding to the ancient Greek Kron, Saturn is the patron of vitality, agriculture. Of course, agriculture played an important role in antiquity, so the veneration of this god is quite natural.
Jupiter - god of lightning
Jupiter was one of the most revered gods in ancient Rome. He was associated with lightning and thunder, which were considered signs or punishments. It is interesting that the places struck by lightning were sacred, they were fenced off and sacrifices were made next to them. Any Roman commander, going on a campaign and returning with a victory, prayed to Jupiter. One of the most significant temples to Jupiter was in the Capitol, which was founded by Tarquin Gordius.
Juno - goddess of family
Juno is the patroness of family and marriage. Her temple, like Jupiter, was located on the Capitoline Hill (such an honor was given to few gods). The goddess was given many epithets, among which there is Moneta - giving advice. Its appearance is connected with an interesting legend.
In the 5th century BC, a war broke out between the Romans and the Etruscans, which lasted 10 years. From the captured city of Veio, they brought a statue of the goddess - Juno, who appeared to one of the soldiers and blessed. It was in honor of this event that a temple was built on Capitol Hill, where geese were sacrificed. When, much later, in 390 BC. e., the enemies surrounded the fortress of the Capitol, the geese woke up the leader of the fortress, and Rome was saved. It was believed that this was a sign from the goddess giving advice.
In the 3rd century BC, it was in the temple of Juno that a mint was founded.
Neptune - lord of the seas
Brother of Jupiter and patron of the sea, Neptune was the second most powerful god of Rome. According to legend, Neptune had a magnificent palace at the bottom of the sea.
An amazing fact about the god of the sea: it was he who gave man the first horse!
Neptune is depicted with a trident, a powerful weapon that can smash anything to pieces.
Ceres - goddess of fertility
The ancient Roman goddess of fertility and motherhood was revered in the pantheon of the gods of Ancient Rome. Farmers treated Ceres with special respect: holidays in honor of the goddess lasted several days.
The Romans made sacrifices to the goddess. Instead of the traditional killing of animals, Ceres was given half of the property of her husband, who for no reason separated from his wife. In addition, she was considered the protector of the rural community and the harvest from robbers.
Minerva - goddess of wisdom
Minerva was considered the goddess of wisdom, knowledge and just war, she was the patroness of sciences and crafts. Often the goddess is depicted armed, with an olive and an owl - a symbol of wisdom. Minerva was part of the Capitol triad, considered equal to Jupiter and Juno.
She was especially revered in Rome for her warlike character.
Apollo - god of music and arts
Apollo is considered one of the most beautiful gods, with a bright solar disk above his head. God is considered the patron of music and the arts. His father, Jupiter, was dissatisfied with the willfulness of Apollo and even forced him to serve people!
Diana - goddess of the hunt
Diana was considered in ancient Rome the goddess-huntress. While her brother Apollo represented the sun, Diana was associated with the moon. In Rome, she patronized the lower classes. The traditions of rituals associated with Diana were sometimes cruel - they could not do without human victims. The priest of the temple, for example, the first one erected on the Aventine Hill, was necessarily a fugitive slave. The priest was named Rex (King), and in order to become a priest of the goddess, one had to kill his predecessor.
Mars - god of war
Undoubtedly, the Roman Empire was a powerful power, constantly expanding through wars. In the ancient world, without the help of the gods, no deeds could be done. Therefore, Mars, the god of war in Ancient Rome, always had enough admirers. It is curious that, according to legend, it was Mars who was the father of Romulus and Remus, who founded Rome. In this regard, he was revered above other gods, which the Greek Ares could not boast of.
Venus - goddess of love
The beautiful goddess of love, fertility, eternal spring and life, Venus had amazing abilities. Not only people, but even gods, with the exception of a few, obeyed her authority. Venus was the most revered goddess among women. Its symbol is an apple. In honor of Venus, the Sicilian temple was built, she was the patroness of the descendants of Aeneas, the son of Venus, and all the Romans. One of the greatest Roman commanders, Gaius Julius Caesar, considered Aeneas his ancestor, therefore he respected the goddess very much.
Vulcan - blacksmith god
Unlike Apollo, who was famous for his beauty, Vulcan was lame and ugly. But this did not prevent him from becoming a talented blacksmith. According to legend, it was Vulcan who forged Jupiter's formidable weapon - lightning. It is impossible to forge a sword without fire, so Vulcan was also considered the patron of this formidable element. Every year on August 23, the inhabitants of the Empire celebrated Vulcania.
And the following fact can no longer be fully attributed to the legend. In 79 BC, on August 24, the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred, which was the last for the city of Pompeii. Perhaps the inhabitants angered God with their ignorance that Mount Vesuvius is a volcano?
Mercury - god of trade
Herald's rod and winged sandals... It is easy to guess that we are talking about the messenger of the gods - Mercury. He was considered the patron of trade, intellect, eloquence and even ... theft! It was he, according to legend, who invented the alphabet, units of measurement, and then bestowed this knowledge on people.
The rod of Mercury was called the caduceus, it was wrapped around two snakes. There is a myth that when Mercury received a rod capable of subduing anyone, he placed it between two snakes, which at that moment were fighting among themselves. They wrapped themselves around the staff and became part of it.
Vesta - goddess of the hearth
Vesta in ancient Rome is the goddess of the hearth and family. In Rome, a temple was dedicated to her, in which fire was constantly maintained. The flames were watched by special priestesses - vestals. The manners and customs of ancient civilizations are sometimes cruel, and priestesses were required to remain celibate for 30 years. If the unfortunate woman violated the ban, she was buried alive.
You can list the gods of Ancient Rome ad infinitum - there are very, very many of them. The most significant are listed above. It's amazing how much connects the ancient Roman gods and our modernity. In honor of some of them, the planets were named - Venus, Mars, Uranus, Jupiter. We know the month of June, named after Juno.
As can be seen from the description of the gods, they were not harmless, they could stand up for themselves, many were associated with military affairs. Who knows, maybe the gods really helped the Romans found one of the most powerful empires in human history.
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