What to drink with severe poisoning. What to do with food poisoning at home
What is poisoning and how dangerous it can be - many people know. It must be remembered which remedy is effective in case of poisoning and can quickly remove toxins from the body.
What is called poisoning
Toxins and poisons that enter the human body cause disruption of normal life. If the source is not disposed of in a timely manner, it will continue its destructive action and ultimately lead to the death of a person.
Physicians have a classification of types of poisoning, based on the type of toxic agent.
The cause of intoxication of the body may be:
- poor quality food;
- pesticide;
- carbon monoxide;
- acids and alkalis;
- alcohol;
Poisons and toxins can enter the human body in various ways: orally (through the mouth), by breathing, through the skin, by injection.
Frequent sources of intoxication are alcohol, poisonous mushrooms, low-quality canned food, medicines, carbon monoxide during a fire or smoke in a room.
Toxic substances affect a person in different ways, based on this, four states are distinguished:
- acute intoxication, manifested by a sharp manifestation of symptoms of poisoning;
- subacute form of poisoning - manifested by signs indicating repeated exposure to poisons on internal organs or human skin;
- hyperacute - affects the central nervous system, can be expressed by convulsions, loss of coordination, often causes death;
- chronic - symptoms characterize long-term exposure to toxins on a person, characteristics appear very clearly.
In normal household conditions, the most common are food poisoning, characterized by a violation of the functioning of the organs of the digestive system.
Food poisoning: characteristics and first aid
You can get poisoned by many products: not fried meat, poorly washed vegetables, fruits, low-quality canned food, stale food.
If stored for a long time in the refrigerator or at room temperature, many foods may become inedible.
Poisoning is caused by bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms - causative agents of foodborne infections. They can get on products even before purchase or develop in a favorable environment: temperature, high humidity.
Bacteria can get on products from packaging, dirty hands of the seller, can live and develop in the body of animals, birds or fish that are planned to be eaten. With insufficient heat treatment, they "wake up" and begin their destructive action in the human body.
Signs of food poisoning
In case of poisoning with low-quality food, the very first symptoms will be:
- severe stomach pain or abdominal cramps;
- nausea;
- vomit;
- diarrhea.
Sometimes the body copes with the problem on its own, removes toxins, so these symptoms disappear quickly, the digestive function is restored.
If the above phenomena do not go away within two days, or the person’s condition worsens every hour, the temperature rises, dizziness appears, dry mouth, the color changes, the volume of urine changes (it becomes dark yellow, and the urge becomes rare) - you need to urgently contact a doctor .
These symptoms indicate that dehydration begins in the body, which often leads to death.
First aid for food poisoning
There are cases when you need to call an ambulance immediately:
- if a child, an elderly person, a pregnant woman was poisoned;
- if an adult has difficulty breathing and speaking, he cannot swallow and complains of blurry vision. Such symptoms may indicate botulism, a dangerous form of the disease.
Important! Do not try to stop diarrhea - it will help to quickly remove toxins from the body, but if the diarrhea does not stop for several days, consult a doctor. With feces, the body leaves the liquid.
At the first suspicion of food poisoning or an intestinal infectious disease (the stomach suddenly fell ill, the person felt dizzy, or vomiting, diarrhea began), it is important to remove toxic substances from the body as soon as possible.
For this, enterosorbent preparations are suitable:
- organic - made on the basis of natural digestive fibers: Multisorb, Algisorb, Mikoton, Zosterin and others;
- carbon - derivatives of the well-known sorbent - activated carbon. These are Karbovit, Karbolong, Antralen. They have the property, like a sponge, to collect toxins, salts of heavy metals. The main use is for food and chemical poisoning, intestinal infections, bloating;
- silicon - act selectively, but effectively, but they cannot reliably and for a long time retain toxins, therefore they are less effective than carbon sorbents. Silicon-containing drugs include popular remedies used by many for diarrhea: Smecta, Polysorb, Enterosgel and the like.
There are also combined preparations that combine active substances that neutralize toxins and contribute to their rapid removal from the body.
Form of release of sorbents: powders for dilution with water, tablets, gel. So, Enterosgel is produced in the form of a gel paste, has a pleasant taste and can be used to alleviate the child's condition. Sorbents begin to be taken as soon as the first signs of poisoning are noticed, at least three times a day until the functions of the digestive system are fully restored.
Drugs that normalize the state of the body
The most popular, long-known and inexpensive sorbent is activated carbon. It is effective for food poisoning, alcohol intoxication, poisoning with toxic substances, absorbs poisons, gases, salts of heavy metals.
Of the side effects - possible constipation, loss of valuable trace elements, minerals. Coal can not be used for stomach ulcers, intestines, exacerbation of hemorrhoids.
Among other popular and effective sorbent preparations, there are well-known remedies for poisoning:
- Enterosgel is a silicon preparation that has practically no contraindications: it can be given to young children, pregnant women. It quickly removes toxins from the body, helps with toxicosis of pregnant women, alcohol intoxication, while retaining beneficial trace elements in the body.
- Ultrasorb is a combined enterosorbent recommended for chronic or acute intoxication with radioactive substances. Often used for people working in hazardous industries.
- Polysorb is a combination drug that quickly and effectively removes toxins, it is recommended for various types of poisoning - alcohol intoxication, food and drug poisoning.
- Smecta - is used as an antidiarrheal drug that has an adsorbing effect. Effectively acts in case of food poisoning, intestinal infection, alcohol intoxication. Quickly restores the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines.
Preparations for the restoration of the body
In case of poisoning, it is important not only to quickly eliminate the negative effects of toxins on the body, but also to restore the water-salt balance in the body. With vomiting, diarrhea, you can take Omeprazole. Plain boiled water or mineral water without gas, electrolyte solutions - rehydrants (Regidron) will help to replenish the amount of fluid in the body.
Poisoning is often accompanied by severe pain, cramps in the stomach and intestines.
Anti-pain pills will help with pain:
- No-shpa;
- Papaverine;
- Platifillin.
To avoid stomach damage when using anti-inflammatory drugs, it is useful to take omeprazole. It helps to quickly restore the gastric mucosa and acidity. Food poisoning can cause acute or chronic gastritis, accompanied by heartburn, pain. Omeprazole is used to treat gastritis, so it is often prescribed during the rehabilitation period after poisoning.
It is undesirable to stop diarrhea in a poisoned person, but if it is prolonged, you can take antidiarrheal agents and probiotics, which will accelerate the restoration of intestinal microflora and normalize digestion.
Medicines for vomiting are also only useful when she threatens to become dehydrated. Cerucal, Pancreatin, Omeprazole, Domrid will help tame vomiting. Pancreatin is also taken with alcohol intoxication. However, it is better to take them only on the advice of a doctor.
When eliminating the consequences of poisoning, taking enzymes will help to quickly restore the digestive process. Known enzymes are Mezim, Festal, Pancreatin.
It is important to stick to a diet for several days after poisoning, but drink as much water as possible.
Sorbent drugs, Omeprazole, Pancreatin, No-shpa and similar drugs in action should be in every home medicine cabinet: in case of food poisoning, they will help to quickly remove toxins from the body, restore impaired functions of the digestive system.
However, if the symptoms are not eliminated within two days, or the patient's condition worsens quickly, you should not wait two days: you need to urgently consult a doctor who will prescribe treatment.
What to drink in case of poisoning at home? A similar question interests many people, because intoxication occurs for various reasons. Properly carried out first aid and selected treatment contributes to rapid recovery after intoxication. What to take in case of poisoning while at home?
Factors and symptoms
Quite often, intoxication with food, alcohol, and medicines is diagnosed. What are the reasons for the occurrence of poisoning? There are enough reasons that can provoke the development of food poisoning.
Why does it happen:
- Eating poorly cooked meat, fish, poultry,
- Eating expired foods
- Improper food storage
- Use poisonous species berries and mushrooms,
- Ingestion of fruits and vegetables treated with pesticides.
Often the cause of intoxication is the use of surrogates, low-quality alcohol. Chemical poisoning occurs as a result of ingestion of vinegar. Poisoning is characterized by the presence of certain symptoms.
Signs:
- Violation of the functioning of the digestive system,
- Nausea, vomiting,
- Pain in the stomach, head,
- bowel disorder,
- Fever, fever,
- Reinforced sweat, saliva, tears,
- Dryness of mucous membranes,
- Poor health, apathy,
- Nervousness, irritability,
- Loss of coordination, loss of consciousness
- sudden changes in blood pressure, changes in heart rate,
- Convulsive manifestations, tremor of the limbs.
If unpleasant symptoms appear, it is recommended to provide first aid to the victim and call a team of specialists. However, the help of the treating staff is not available in all cases. Therefore, you need to know what to take for poisoning and vomiting during home therapy.
Cleansing the body with fluid
In the event of intoxication, first of all, it is required to cleanse the body of toxic compounds, the remnants of poor-quality food. it is required to carry out even if a person has spontaneous vomiting. What to drink in such a state? For purification, clean water or a special solution is used. The procedure is quite simple.
Procedure:
- Prepare a solution of potassium permanganate in a low concentration (light pink). It is allowed to replace drinking with soda solution - one large spoon per couple of liters of boiled water.
- How to drink potassium permanganate? The patient is required to drink up to four hundred milliliters of liquid.
- Provoke a gag reflex by irritating the root of the tongue.
- The procedure is carried out until the outgoing liquid substance becomes free of impurities.
If the poisoned person does not vomit during intoxication, then it is possible to say that the toxic product has moved from the stomach to the intestines. Purging the stomach is pointless. Preference is given to laxatives, it is allowed to use cleansing enemas. It is better to refuse folk recipes in such a situation.
It is impossible to stop diarrhea and vomiting if they are present, so the body tries to cleanse itself of the poison on its own.
Reception of sorbents
After cleansing the stomach, a person is recommended to give. Such medications absorb the remaining toxic compounds from the stomach and intestines and help to remove them. What medicines are acceptable to use, what to drink in case of alcohol poisoning?
Allowed:
- Activated carbon. The medication is used and known. How to take activated charcoal in case of poisoning? The amount is calculated depending on the body weight of the patient. For 10 kg of weight take one dragee. Drink once a day, treatment lasts up to ten days.
- Polysorb. Sold as a powder in vials or sachets. It is recommended to drink according to the instructions for five days. In case of severe intoxication, it is allowed to use liquid for cleaning the stomach.
- Filtrum (Laktofiltrum). It is on sale in the form of tablets. The medicine quickly relieves the body of poisons and decay products of alcohol and medicines. How to take Filtrum or Lactofiltrum in case of poisoning? In adults, the recommended amount is three capsules three times a day. In children, the dosage varies from one to two tablets according to age. Drink with plenty of water.
- Enterosgel. A popular remedy with methylsilicic acid in the composition. It is available in the form of a paste and gel. Penetrating into the stomach quickly begins the action. Before use, the required amount of paste is dissolved in half a glass of water. Duration of admission is up to five days. The dosage is described in the instructions for use. Young children are allowed to drink the drug in a teaspoon before meals.
Permitted sorbents also include Polyphepan, Smecta, White coal. It is required to carefully study the instructions for use, the drugs have contraindications. If used incorrectly, the risk of side effects is not excluded.
Restoration of water-salt balance
Intense vomiting and diarrhea provoke dehydration of tissues and cells. There is a failure of the water-salt balance, the blood becomes thicker, few nutrients enter the organs. This poses a rather serious health hazard. Therefore, at home, it is important to try to normalize the water-salt balance.
Ways:
- The use of special means - Regidron, Oralit and others. How to take Regidron? The medication is diluted with water - one sachet per liter of liquid.
- Salt solution will help restore the balance of salts and fluids in case of poisoning. It is recommended to drink a simple remedy - a small spoonful of salt per liter of water. It is allowed to add a spoonful of soda and sugar to the solution.
- ? In the absence of appetite and in order to avoid dehydration, green or black tea without sugar is allowed.
- What water to drink in case of poisoning? It is recommended to opt for pure boiled water, drink mineral water without gas.
- Rosehip decoction helps a lot.
All liquids - medicinal and not - must be drunk slowly, in small sips, so as not to provoke vomiting.
Medication treatment
In case of poisoning, medications are used necessarily. The drugs help get rid of the manifestations of intoxication, normalize the work of inflamed organs, reduce the risk of developing negative consequences.
What pills to drink in case of intoxication?
Medicines:
- To restore the intestinal microflora, it is recommended to use Hilak Forte, Linex, Bioflor.
- In case of poisoning with fever, antipyretic drugs are allowed - paracetamol, ibuprofen.
- Antimicrobial and antiviral agents are prescribed by a specialist, it is better not to take them on your own.
All drugs must be drunk according to the instructions for use in order to avoid negative consequences and complications.
List of medicines for poisoning and diarrhea
Folk remedies
Traditional medicine is used with caution and care. It is possible to get rid of poisoning with the help of medicinal plants.
What is allowed:
- A decoction of oak bark - one large spoonful of raw materials per glass of water. Boil for fifteen minutes, dilute with water before use. Such a medicine helps to normalize the work
- A shot of vodka with salt has an instant effect. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of this drug has not been studied.
- Peppercorns help with diarrhea. Take one pea per kilogram of weight. Wash down with a small amount of water.
- A couple of spoons of marshmallow roots are poured cold water and leave to infuse for about four hours. Drink up to four times a day.
It is recommended to pay special attention to nutrition. What can you eat and drink in case of poisoning? All foods that provoke irritation of the mucous organs of the gastrointestinal tract are excluded from the diet. It is recommended to limit the consumption of spices, fried, smoked, fatty foods.
Low-fat dairy products have a beneficial effect on the digestive system and help normalize the microflora. Therefore, drinking kefir in case of poisoning is allowed, but not immediately after cleaning from the toxin.
Video: first aid for food poisoning
Consequences and prevention
Depending on the degree and type of intoxication, the consequences are different. Quite often, an exacerbation of chronic diseases, a violation of the functionality of the kidneys and liver are diagnosed.
Preventive measures include compliance with safety regulations, attention to food. It is better to buy food in trusted stores, take medicines as directed by a specialist and following the instructions.
What to take in case of poisoning at home? It is allowed to use certain medicines that alleviate the human condition and normalize the functionality of organs.
A huge number of people face poisoning every day and, unfortunately, nothing can be done about such horrific statistics. This kind of problem is understandable, because the modern world is full of a variety of products that contain dyes, chemicals, preservatives, and sometimes poisons. Poisoning is especially relevant in the summer, when the air temperature is quite high. Treatment in this case does not require delay, so we will devote our article to this problem, namely, what is the treatment of food poisoning at home?
In order to understand how this kind of disease is treated, it is necessary to understand in what cases it occurs. Food poisoning occurs when the poison enters the body with poisoned, stale or low-quality food. Also, as usual in our modern world, many unscrupulous manufacturers add prohibited substances to their products and do not indicate them on the packaging in the “product composition” column. Therefore, below we will consider in detail what constitutes food and treatment, types, classification), and also we will understand in what cases urgent medical care is required?
Symptoms of food poisoning
- Nausea, vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Headache.
- Increased body temperature.
- Abdominal pain.
- Dehydration.
- Reduced blood pressure.
The most common causes of this disease
- Toxins that are found in plants and animal meat, in particular mushrooms, as well as improperly cooked seafood - fish, shellfish.
- Infections (bacteria, viruses).
- Pesticides that are found in food, or poisons with which they are processed.
These are the most common causes of food poisoning.
What to do, symptoms and treatment at home?
The first symptoms occur within 48 hours of eating the poisoned foods.
Urgent first aid is very important, because the sooner treatment begins, the faster the body will cope with intoxication.
First aid
Below we will understand what is food poisoning in children, home treatment, emergency care.
Children
If you are interested in the question of how to cure food poisoning at home in children, then you need to be extremely careful here. It should be remembered that any manifestations of poisoning in children should serve as a reason to consult a doctor.
In the meantime, the doctor has not come, help the baby.
"Ambulance"
Cases requiring medical attention
- The child is less than 3 years old.
- Symptoms persist for more than 2-3 days.
- Increased body temperature.
- Poisoning is present in several other family members.
When is it necessary to call an ambulance immediately?
- The child cannot drink water due to profuse and constant vomiting.
- If you know that the baby was poisoned by mushrooms or seafood.
- A rash appeared on the skin.
- Swelling appeared on the joints.
- The child has difficulty swallowing.
- The kid is talking incoherently.
- The skin and mucous membranes turned yellow.
- Blood in vomit and feces.
- No urination for more than 6 hours.
- There was weakness in the muscles.
Diet after poisoning
Treating food poisoning at home should be accompanied by diet. You can not eat fatty and spicy food. You should limit the consumption of dairy products. Alcohol and smoking should also be avoided for a long time. Meat, vegetables and fish should be steamed. Eat small meals every 2-3 hours. The diet should include cereals boiled in water, especially those that contain a large amount of fiber in their composition. Drink strong black tea, decoction of chamomile, rose hips.
Prevention of food poisoning
Earlier we figured out how to treat food poisoning. Symptoms and first aid are also discussed in detail. Therefore, below we present a few useful rules that will help you avoid this unpleasant and fairly common problem.
What not to do with food poisoning?
- Put a heating pad on the abdomen.
- Drink fixing drugs for diarrhea.
- Give an enema to pregnant women, children, the elderly with diarrhea.
- Drink milk or water with gas.
- Never induce vomiting if:
- an unconscious person;
- there is confidence that the person was poisoned by alkali, kerosene, gasoline or acid.
If all of the above recommendations have been followed, then the likelihood that you will quickly cure food poisoning is quite high. Do not forget that only a doctor should assess the severity of poisoning, because timely medical assistance will help to avoid serious health problems. It should be remembered that at the first symptomatic manifestations of poisoning in children and the elderly, you should consult a doctor.
With food poisoning, bacteria enter the body, actively colonize the stomach and intestines, or the pancreas becomes inflamed. It is possible to remove acute intoxication and reduce the amount of poison in the body with the help of medical methods.
Food poisoning is a disease with an acute onset, manifested by a detailed clinical picture with a predominance of dyspeptic syndrome. The causes of the disorder can be: mayonnaise, dairy products, cakes, pastries, sausages, eggs, pates. Typical symptoms are:
- The first manifestations of the pathological condition begin after 30 minutes or after 4-6 hours.
- The patient has diarrhea (loose stools, unpleasant odor, with undigested food residues).
- Nausea, repeated vomiting appears before or after diarrhea.
- Severe abdominal pain, increased salivation.
- Additional signs are dizziness, subfebrile or high body temperature, chills, general weakness.
In adults, a similar clinical picture is often observed with alcohol poisoning, when the pancreas and liver cannot cope with large doses of alcohol.
Algorithm of actions in case of food poisoning
It is desirable for each person to know how to remove intoxication of the body at home. Feasts and overeating with fatty foods are constant companions of food lovers. To protect yourself from serious complications and quickly cure acute poisoning, a simple algorithm of actions will help:
- To remove toxic foods from the body is the main condition for successful treatment. Gastric lavage will help get rid of food. The first way: drink a large amount of water and try to induce a gag reflex by mechanically stimulating the root of the tongue. Doctors recommend using a weak solution of potassium permanganate instead of ordinary water (better effect + additional disinfection). For 2 liters of boiled water, take a small amount of potassium permanganate powder or a spoonful of soda. Drink some of the solution in small sips. Insert two fingers into your mouth and induce a gag reflex. The procedure must be repeated several times so that the vomit becomes clean, without pathological impurities (it is advisable to completely empty the stomach so that the medicine can be administered).
- The next step to get rid of food toxins is sorbents. Preparations neutralize toxic substances, bacteria, their metabolic products. Activated charcoal is an indispensable home assistant in crisis situations. It prevents the absorption of salts of heavy metals and toxins in the digestive tract. Treatment of activated charcoal poisoning increases the patient's chances for a quick recovery, improving the general condition. The correct and effective dosage is 10 kg per 1 kg of body weight. A 60 kg woman needs to take 6 sorbent tablets. White coal and its effectiveness. The dose of this medication is halved compared to activated charcoal (3-4 tablets are shown to an adult). For 100 ml of water, take 1 tablet of the drug, push it apart and drink. Taste qualities medicines want the best, but it's worth enduring. The mixture quickly removes the unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning. Good results are shown by "Smekta", "Laktofiltrum", "Enterosgel", "Polysorb".
- Food poisoning is not complete without diarrhea and profuse vomiting, which significantly dehydrates the body. Treatment - replenishment of fluid loss, support of water balance. To defeat the pathology, you need to drink about 2 liters of liquid. In small sips, every 15 minutes, a few tablespoons. Experts recommend adding salt to the water to replenish the supply of electrolytes (per 1 liter 1 tsp of salt). Alternate unsweetened tea with saline. The pharmacy sells similar preparations for rehydration - Regidron, Oralit. They are represented by powders, solutions with mineral salts, glucose. Medications prevent severe dehydration and its adverse effects.
The provision of emergency care at the prehospital stage is an important measure to save human health and life, and prevent serious consequences.
Treatment Methods
To completely get rid of food intoxication, you need to eliminate the cause. In case of carbon monoxide poisoning, a person is taken out to fresh air. For gastric pathology, the situation is similar - getting rid of low-quality products. At home, they resort to the above methods, and in the hospital they put droppers. When the victim is hospitalized in a hospital, the doctor decides on how to take the liquid: by oral or intravenous routes. The first is prescribed for the moderate severity of the disease, the second - for the serious condition of the patient.
For parenteral administration, the following medicinal preparations are used:
- Dropper with normal saline, glucose, potassium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Glucose is taken twice as much as 0.9% NaCl solution.
- 40% glucose solution is taken orally. This helps to increase the formation of urine and, as a result, the elimination of toxins.
- Hemodez-N is a detoxifying agent with minerals. A dropper with the drug is placed twice a day until the symptoms of the disease improve. The dosage of the drug depends on the age of the patient. 400 ml of detox solution is administered to an adult, and 50-200 ml to a child.
- Reamberin is a similar preparation containing all the necessary electrolytes that have been lost (K, Mg, Ca, Na). The drug binds bacterial toxins and removes them from the body. Additionally, Reamberin increases the access of oxygen to tissues and organs. It is dripped twice a day, 200 ml.
- The name of the next drug speaks for itself - Gelatinol, that is, it contains gelatin. The medicine normalizes blood pressure, carbohydrate, protein metabolism. It is used to activate the liver and kidneys (especially in sepsis).
- Reopoliglyukin facilitates the patient's well-being by improving blood flow in the capillaries, increasing plasma volume.
- Diuretics will help cleanse the blood of toxins absorbed from the intestines. Mannitol and furosemide trigger a cascade of reactions in the renal nephrons: the more fluid, the more active the kidneys work.
- An important element in the treatment of poisoning is dietary nutrition. On the first day, you should adhere to bed rest, refuse to eat (the principle of cold-hunger, rest). When the symptoms are relieved, the body will be able to eat, eat crackers without additives, diet cereals, muesli, drink dried fruit compote, not highly concentrated tea. The diet should not continue even after discharge from the department.
- As at the pre-medical level, sorbents continue to be taken in a hospital setting.
- At high body temperature (more than 38.5 degrees), you need to take antipyretics (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen). Measure body temperature regularly, especially in children.
- "Pancreatin", "Mezim" - enzymatic preparations to maintain the function of the pancreas. They are prescribed when vomiting stops completely.
- Antibiotics are used to treat a bacterial infection.
- It is forbidden to relieve pain in the abdomen with painkillers, so as not to blur the clinical picture of other diseases (acute appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction).
- You can not bring the body to dehydration. Try to drink more water.
- It is forbidden to eat fatty foods after treatment, the situation can easily repeat itself from the beginning. A month is better to stay on a sparing diet.
- Pregnancy, childhood - clear medical indications for hospitalization in a hospital. Children, pregnant women with symptoms of food poisoning should not be left at home. In expectant mothers, a toxicosis clinic can mean a serious pathology that requires the advice of a competent specialist. Call an ambulance immediately. Untimely treatment can lead to the department of anesthesiology, resuscitation.
How to relieve vomiting and acute intoxication without drugs
He ate something and vomited once - one situation, completely different - severe dehydration, which ends in intensive care. Help relieve symptoms of mild intoxication folk recipes. Homeopathy, regular rehydration will help a poisoned person. Apply such herbs, fruits:
- decoctions from viburnum, wild rose, black currant;
- if there is an aloe flower in the house, try its healing properties. Grind 200 g of the leaves of the plant to make a gruel. Add a few tablespoons of honey. Leave the composition for a day. Use a tablespoon before meals;
- make an infusion of tansy. Pour 50 g of flowers with a liter of water, boil the mixture, use instead of tea;
- a solution of calendula, chamomile relieves inflammatory, toxic processes in the stomach and intestines. Take 1 tbsp. l per glass of boiled water.
Poisoning with acids, alkalis scare people, and no one takes gastric problems due to poor-quality food seriously. Both situations require medical attention, timely treatment. Food, chemical, drug poisoning requires rapid detection and treatment.
Spoiled, low-quality food products cause great harm human health. Untimely, improper treatment of pathology leads to dehydration of the body.
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!
What is poisoning?
Poisoning- This is a pathological condition in which bacteria, any toxins or other toxic substances enter the human body. These substances can enter the body in various ways ( with food, inhaled air or through the skin), however, all of them certainly cause damage to various organs and disruption of their functions, which is accompanied by corresponding clinical manifestations and creates a danger to human health and life.Classification of poisoning
In clinical practice, it is customary to classify poisoning according to several criteria. This helps doctors determine the cause of the disease, as well as make a diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment.Depending on the route of entry into the body, there are:
- Food poisoning- when toxins or poisons enter the human body along with the food taken ( through the gastrointestinal tract).
- Poisoning through the respiratory tract- when the toxin enters the body with the inhaled air ( in the form of steam or gas).
- Percutaneous poisoning- when toxins enter the skin or mucous membranes of a person, and through them are absorbed into the systemic circulation.
- Poisoning, in which the toxin is administered directly intravenously or intramuscularly.
- food intoxication ( food poisoning) - in this case, the disease is caused by eating foods that have been contaminated with any dangerous bacteria or their toxins.
- Gas poisoning- develops when inhaling any toxic gases.
- Chemical poisoning- chemicals include various toxins and poisons, which under normal conditions should not enter the human body.
- Poisoning with caustic substances ( acids or alkalis) - allocated to a separate group, due to the peculiarities of their clinical manifestations.
- Medicine poisoning- develops with improper use of drugs.
- Ethanol poisoning ( alcohol, which is part of all alcoholic beverages) - also allocated to a separate group, which is explained by the specific effect of alcohol on the human body.
- Acute poisoning- develops with a single intake of a large dose of a toxic substance into the body and is accompanied by the rapid appearance and rapid development of clinical symptoms.
- chronic poisoning- occurs with prolonged intake of small doses of toxin in the body and may be asymptomatic for some time, but ultimately also leads to dysfunction of vital organs and systems.
Causes, types and pathogenesis ( development mechanism) food poisoning, infections and toxicoinfections
As follows from the above, poisoning can develop when various pathogenic bacteria enter the body, as well as toxic substances produced by them ( in the latter case, we are talking about toxicoinfection). Each of these substances can affect the tissues and organs of the body in its own way, causing corresponding changes in them, which is accompanied by characteristic clinical manifestations and requires specific treatment. That is why it is extremely important to determine the type of poisonous substance in a timely manner and begin treatment. This will prevent the development of complications and save the life of the patient.spicy food ( intestinal) poisoning in an adult ( expired food, meat, fish, eggs, milk, cottage cheese)
Acute food poisoning food intoxication) is a group of diseases in which, along with food, a person swallows any microorganisms ( bacteria, pathogenic fungi) or toxins released by pathogenic microorganisms. If such bacteria or their toxins enter the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract), they affect the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, leading to the appearance of classic signs of poisoning ( abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and so on). Moreover, these toxins can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the systemic circulation, affecting distant organs and leading to complications.Food poisoning can be caused by:
- Spoiled meat. Meat is an ideal breeding ground for the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria ( staphylococci, salmonella, E. coli and others). These bacteria may be present in meat products initially ( for example, if the slaughtered animal was infected with some kind of infection). In this case, infectious agents or their toxins ( bacteria released into the environment during growth) can enter the human body through the consumption of insufficiently processed food ( that is, undercooked or undercooked meat). At the same time, bacteria can develop in already cooked but improperly stored meat. If it is kept out of the refrigerator for several hours or days, the number of pathogens in it may become sufficient to cause a foodborne infection.
- Fish. Fish poisoning can occur for the same reasons as meat poisoning ( that is, with improper processing and improper storage fish products ). In addition, some exotic varieties of fish may contain toxic substances ( e.g. pufferfish, groupers, barracudas). In this case, the clinical manifestations of poisoning will depend on the type of poison that has entered the body. For example, the poison contained in fugu fish can cause paralysis of all muscles and respiratory arrest, which, without medical help, will inevitably lead to the death of a person. In other cases, the symptoms of poisoning may be similar to common foodborne infections.
- eggs. The risk of egg poisoning is increased if waterfowl eggs are eaten ( ducks, geese). The fact is that salmonella bacteria may be present in some polluted water bodies. It can get into the meat and eggs of waterfowl, and with them ( with improper heat treatment, that is, with the use of raw eggs or soft-boiled eggs) can enter the human body. Having penetrated into the intestine, salmonella releases a special toxin that affects the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall, causing clinical manifestations of intestinal infection ( diarrhea, abdominal pain, etc.).
- Milk. Poisoning from fresh domestic milk can occur if the animals that produce it ( goats, cows) are kept in unsanitary conditions. At the same time, various pathogenic bacteria may be present in the udder area of animals ( staphylococci, E. coli and so on) that will enter the milk during milking. If you drink such milk in its raw form, there is a high probability of developing food poisoning. Moreover, it is worth noting that some animals can be carriers of pathogens of particularly dangerous infections. So, for example, when using cow's milk can be infected with brucellosis, an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms ( brucella) and accompanied by damage to many body systems.
- Cottage cheese. Cottage cheese, like any lactic acid product, is an ideal breeding ground for various pathogenic bacteria. If the product is left out of the refrigerator for a long time, the number of bacteria in it increases significantly ( this is facilitated by a high ambient temperature, at which the rate of reproduction of bacteria increases). If you eat such cottage cheese, signs of an intestinal infection may appear.
Poisoning by poisonous plants ( bleached, hemlock), mushrooms ( pale grebe, fly agaric), berries ( belladonna, wolfberry)
Many plants contain substances that are toxic to the human body. The use of such plants or their fruits ( in particular, wolf berries - belladonna, wolfberry) in food may be accompanied by symptoms of food poisoning, as well as other specific manifestations ( depending on what toxin was contained in the eaten plant).Poisoning can be caused by eating:
- Beleny. The toxicity of this plant is due to its constituent substances, in particular atropine and scopolamine. When ingested, they cause general weakness, dry mouth, intense thirst, emotional and motor agitation, and dizziness. In severe cases, vision and breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, and death may occur.
- Hemlock. The toxicity of this plant is due to its constituent substance - koniin. This is a strong poison, which, when it enters the gastrointestinal tract, is quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane and enters the bloodstream, affecting the central nervous system. This is manifested by progressive paralysis, in which a person loses all types of sensitivity, and also cannot move his arms or legs. The cause of death is usually paralysis of the respiratory muscles, causing the patient to stop breathing.
- Pale grebe ( fly agaric). A toxin found in some fly agarics ( in particular in pale grebe) has the ability to hit ( destroy) cells of the liver and other tissues of the body, which is accompanied by a violation of the functions of vital organs and systems. Without timely assistance, a person may die from cardiovascular or liver failure.
- Belladonna berries. Belladonna berries also contain atropine and scopolamine. Their poisoning has the same symptoms as henbane poisoning.
- Wolfberry berries. Toxic substances of the wolfberry ( meserine and daphne) are found in all parts of the plant ( in fruits, root, leaves). When eating fruits, these toxins cause a burning sensation in the mouth. Then there is severe pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting, in severe cases, convulsions occur.
Botulinum toxin poisoning
The cause of the disease is a toxin produced by the microorganism Clostridium. Disputes ( inactive forms) of this pathogen can persist for a long time in soil, silt, animal carcasses, and so on. Once in the human body, clostridium itself does not cause the development of infection, since they can only multiply under anaerobic conditions ( that is, in the absence of oxygen). Botulinum toxin infection can occur when eating poorly processed canned food ( vegetable, meat) prepared at home. In this case, in a hermetically sealed jar, clostridia begin to actively multiply, releasing botulinum toxin into the environment, which is one of the most powerful poisons known to mankind.After entering the human gastrointestinal tract, botulinum toxin is not destroyed by acidic gastric juice, as a result of which it is easily absorbed through the mucous membrane. Entering the systemic circulation, this toxin reaches the tissues of the central nervous system and affects them, as a result of which characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease occur.
Botulinum toxin poisoning can manifest itself:
- occasional vomiting and abdominal pain in the first hours after eating the contaminated product);
- respiratory failure;
- visual impairment;
- increased blood pressure;
- muscle weakness;
- urination disorders and so on.
mold poisoning
Molds are fungal microorganisms that can grow on or inside various foods. When eating moldy foods, fungi can enter the gastrointestinal tract and lead to symptoms of poisoning ( nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). This is due to the fact that many fungi secrete so-called mycotoxins, which have a negative effect on various body systems.In addition, some molds have antibacterial activity, that is, they destroy various bacteria. Under normal conditions, the intestines of a healthy person contain many bacteria that take part in the process of digestion. If mold is poisoned, these bacteria can be destroyed, resulting in disruption or slowing down the process of digestion of food. It can also lead to bloating, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, and other symptoms.
It is also worth noting that mold can be poisoned through the respiratory tract ( by inhaling particles of pathogenic fungi - for example, in pulmonary aspergillosis). At the same time, pathogenic fungi affect the lung tissue, as a result of which frequent coughing with the release of red bloody sputum ( hemoptysis), shortness of breath ( feeling short of breath), fever, chest pain, and so on.
Vitamin poisoning
Vitamin poisoning can be observed with their frequent use in large doses. However, the clinical manifestations of the disease may vary ( depending on what vitamin the person was poisoned with).Poisoning can occur with an overdose:
- Vitamin A. Since this vitamin affects the organ of vision, one of the first signs of poisoning will be double vision. Also, there may be nausea and vomiting due to the action of the vitamin on the nervous system. Patients may complain of increased drowsiness, headache, fever. Sometimes a skin rash may occur. After stopping the use of the vitamin, all the described symptoms disappear within 2 to 3 days. With chronic use of vitamin A in large doses, skin itching, hair loss, dryness and flaking of the skin can be noted.
- Vitamin D Vitamin D poisoning can also be acute ( when taking a very large dose) or chronic ( when used in high doses for a long time). In acute poisoning, patients complain of general weakness, nausea and vomiting, headaches and dizziness. In severe cases, there may be an increased heartbeat, fever, convulsions. With chronic intoxication with vitamin D, there is a decrease in appetite, increased irritability, and indigestion ( nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation). If left untreated, irreversible damage to the cardiovascular, bone and other body systems can occur.
- Vitamin C. Long-term use of this vitamin in large doses can cause damage to the central nervous system, which will be manifested by insomnia, fever and a feeling of heat, headaches, dizziness, nausea. There may also be dryness of the skin and mucous membranes throughout the body.
- Vitamin B1. Poisoning with this vitamin can provoke a feeling of weakness or fatigue, insomnia, headaches, loss of appetite. In severe cases, there may be damage to internal organs ( kidneys, liver).
- Vitamin B6. Chronic poisoning with this vitamin can be accompanied by damage to the peripheral nervous system, impaired sensitivity in the limbs, a tendency to develop seizures and weight loss.
- Vitamin B12. The use of this vitamin in large doses can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland ( an organ that produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolism). It has also been noted that prolonged chronic overdose may contribute to the development of malignant tumors.
- folic acid. An overdose of this vitamin is manifested by nausea and vomiting, increased nervous irritability and insomnia, and headaches. In severe cases, there may be damage to the cardiovascular system and kidneys.
- Vitamin E. Chronic poisoning with this vitamin is manifested by headaches, general weakness and increased fatigue, nausea, and is also accompanied by a decrease in the body's defenses ( increased risk of microbial infections).
protein poisoning
Eating a large amount of protein foods ( predominantly meat) may be accompanied by an increase in the concentration of proteins in the blood. This can lead to disruption of the functioning of various organs and systems.Protein poisoning can manifest itself:
- Nausea or vomiting- protein food inhibits peristalsis ( motor activity) gastrointestinal tract, in connection with which the process of digestion is disturbed.
- Bloating- due to impaired intestinal motility and the development of gas-forming microflora.
- insomnia- protein food stimulates the central nervous system, in connection with which there may be a violation of the process of falling asleep, as well as increased nervous excitability or irritability.
- An increase in body temperature– it is also associated with the excitation of the central nervous system.
- Darkening of the urine- this is due to the release of by-products of protein metabolism through the kidneys.
water poisoning ( water poisoning)
water poisoning ( hyperhydration), in fact, is not a poisoning. This is a pathological condition of the body, in which there is a violation of water-electrolyte metabolism. The reason for this may be severe vomiting, accompanied by loss of electrolytes ( if at the same time a person replenishes the loss of fluid with water that does not contain electrolytes), impaired renal function ( in this case, the fluid is not excreted from the body), excessive intravenous fluids, and so on. In addition, water poisoning can be observed when it is taken in excess for a short period of time. So, for example, drinking 2.5 - 3 liters of pure water for an hour can lead to overhydration, disruption of water and electrolyte balance, and even death.salt poisoning ( sodium)
From a chemical point of view, table salt is sodium chloride, that is, it contains the trace elements sodium and chlorine. When a large amount of salt is consumed in a short period of time, a person may develop hypernatremia - a pathological condition accompanied by an increase in the concentration of sodium in the blood ( norm - 135 - 145 mmol / liter). This can lead to disruption of the functioning of vital organs, as well as provoke the development of formidable complications from the central nervous system.One of the first symptoms of salt poisoning is thirst ( desire to drink water). This is explained by the fact that an increased concentration of sodium in the blood is recorded by special sensitive cells at the level of the brain. In order to "dilute" the blood and reduce the sodium concentration in it, the body needs to get a large amount of fluid from the outside, as a result of which a strong ( irresistible) thirst.
Other signs of salt poisoning are:
- general weakness;
- disorientation in time and space;
- loss of consciousness;
- increased neuromuscular excitability;
- wrinkling and dryness of the skin ( due to the release of fluid from the cells into the vascular bed).
Poisoning with mineral fertilizers ( nitrates)
Nitrates are chemicals salts of nitric acid), which are used as fertilizers. Nitrates can be found in large quantities in foods that have been processed by them during the growing process. When entering the human gastrointestinal tract, nitrates turn into so-called nitrites - toxic substances that affect red blood cells, making it impossible for them to transport oxygen. At the same time, a person begins to suffer from oxygen starvation ( fatigue, headaches, dizziness). In severe cases, death is possible.Poisoning with rat poison
In order to combat rats and other small rodents, special poisonous substances are used. After entering the body along with the bait ( food) these poisons disrupt the functioning of the vital organs of rodents, which leads to their death. It is worth noting that all these poisons are to some extent toxic to humans if they get into his gastrointestinal tract.A person can get poisoned:
- Naphthylthiocarbamide. If a person eats this poison, after a few minutes or hours he will have severe vomiting, as a result of which part of the toxin will be removed from the gastrointestinal tract. If the toxin enters the systemic circulation in high concentration, it can cause damage to the circulatory system, as well as the liver and lungs, which can lead to death of a person.
- Ratindan. When ingested, the active substance of this poison can be absorbed into the systemic circulation, where it disrupts the activity of the blood coagulation system ( which normally regulates hemorrhage control). Immediately after poisoning, the patient may experience nausea or vomiting once. After a few days, there may be frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums, prolonged bleeding after injuries, and so on. In more severe cases, hemoptysis may occur ( coughing up blood from the lungs), as well as the appearance of blood in the stool and urine. If you do not start specific treatment, after a few days you may experience a feeling of general fatigue and lethargy, which is associated with chronic blood loss. Death can occur from a pronounced decrease in the concentration of red cells in the blood and oxygen starvation of the brain, as well as from damage to other vital organs ( liver, kidney, central nervous system, respiratory system and so on).
- Brodifacoum. This drug also disrupts the activity of the blood coagulation system. Signs of poisoning them are similar to those of ratindan poisoning.
alcohol poisoning ( ethyl alcohol, vodka, wine, beer, surrogates)
Poisoning with alcoholic beverages can be observed when they are consumed in large quantities, as well as when drinking low-quality alcoholic beverages. It should be noted that active "intoxicating") the substance of all alcoholic beverages is ethyl alcohol ( ethanol). The rate of development of intoxication, as well as the severity of symptoms of poisoning, depends on its concentration. So, for example, the concentration of ethanol in vodka is 40%, while in beer it is up to 8-10%. It follows that the symptoms of ethanol intoxication will occur more quickly when drinking large amounts of vodka than beer or other ( less strong) alcoholic beverages.Ethyl alcohol poisoning can manifest itself:
- Nausea and vomiting. These are natural protective reflexes, the purpose of which is to remove excess toxic substances from the body, as well as to prevent its further intake.
- Dizziness and confusion. This symptom is due to the effect of alcohol on brain cells.
- Nervous excitement or drowsiness. In the initial stages of intoxication, alcohol stimulates the central nervous system ( CNS), in connection with which the patient may behave excitedly or aggressively, see hallucinations ( something that doesn't really exist) and so on. With an increase in the concentration of ethanol in the blood, the activity of the central nervous system is inhibited, and therefore drowsiness and lethargy appear. In severe cases, a person can fall into a coma - a life-threatening condition in which the patient does not respond to external stimuli.
- Redness of the skin ( especially faces). Ethyl alcohol causes the expansion of superficial blood vessels, causing blood to flow to the skin, changing its color.
- The presence of a specific alcoholic smell. Alcohol is partially excreted through the lungs ( in the form of vapor). The higher its concentration in the blood, the more pronounced will be the alcoholic smell from the patient's mouth. This symptom will distinguish alcoholic coma ( extreme depression of consciousness) from other diseases in which a person can also lose consciousness.
- Breathing disorder. This may be due to damage to the central nervous system, as well as blockage of the respiratory tract by vomit ( if vomiting occurred while the person was unconscious).
Methyl alcohol poisoning
Methyl alcohol ( methanol) is used in the chemical industry as a solvent and for other purposes. It also has a moderate intoxicating effect, but much less pronounced than ethyl alcohol. It is strictly forbidden to eat methanol, since the products of its metabolism ( in particular formaldehyde and formic acid) are extremely toxic to the body. Accumulating in tissues and organs, they can cause damage to the central nervous system, the organ of vision, the liver and the cardiovascular system, and in severe cases lead to the death of the patient. The lethal dose of methanol is 25 - 100 ml ( depending on the age and weight of the person).Methyl alcohol poisoning manifests itself:
- Nausea, vomiting, headaches and dizziness- the mechanism of occurrence of these symptoms is the same as with ethyl alcohol poisoning.
- Paroxysmal abdominal pain- they are caused by the accumulation of by-products of methanol metabolism in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and a violation of the contractile activity of the stomach and intestines.
- visual impairment ( up to its complete loss.) - the development of this symptom is also due to the toxic effect of formaldehyde and formic acid at the level of the optic nerve ( innervates the retina of the eye, which perceives light).
- Loss of consciousness, convulsions and coma- develop as a result of severe intoxication of the body with formic acid, which can lead to the death of the patient within a day.
Symptoms and signs of food poisoning and toxic infections
At the initial stages of the development of the disease, the symptoms and signs of all food poisoning are similar to each other. The entry of a toxic substance into the body triggers a series of protective reactions aimed at removing it from the body. In the later stages of development, specific signs of poisoning may appear, depending on which toxin the patient has eaten ( violations of the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, damage to the liver, kidneys, and so on).Food poisoning can manifest itself:
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea ( loose stools, diarrhea);
- pain in the abdomen;
- an increase in body temperature;
- headaches;
- dizziness;
- body intoxication.
Nausea and vomiting
As mentioned earlier, nausea and vomiting are protective mechanisms that should slow down the entry of toxic substances into the systemic circulation. Once the toxin or poison enters the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract), it almost immediately begins to be absorbed through the gastric mucosa ( a little later through the intestinal mucosa). This leads to certain changes in the patient's blood, triggering nervous and hormonal defense reactions.Under normal conditions, after eating, peristalsis is activated ( motor activity) gastrointestinal tract. This promotes mixing of food with digestive juices and absorption of nutrients. As soon as the body "understands" that poisoning has occurred, the motility of the gastrointestinal tract immediately stops. At the same time, food ceases to be absorbed, stagnates in the stomach and stretches it, which creates an unpleasant feeling of nausea. After that, the so-called anti-peristaltic waves appear, that is, such muscle contractions of the gastrointestinal tract that push its contents in the opposite direction ( that is, from the small intestine to the stomach, and from the stomach through the esophagus to the oral cavity). This is how vomiting occurs, the purpose of which is to remove potentially dangerous products from the digestive tract, which will prevent further absorption of toxins.
diarrhea ( loose stools, diarrhea)
Diarrhea can occur due to the activity of pathogenic microorganisms that have entered the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract) along with any products. So, for example, when consuming salmonella-infected ( pathogenic microorganisms) food, the toxins they produce stimulate the release of salts and water into the intestinal lumen, which is manifested by massive watery diarrhea, which can be repeated several dozen times a day. In this case, the body loses a large amount of fluid and electrolytes, which can endanger the life of the patient.In other cases, the development of diarrhea may not be associated with the pathogen itself, but is a consequence of the development of a pathological process in the gastrointestinal tract. The fact is that after the onset of poisoning, the motility of the stomach and intestines slows down, as a result of which the digestion process is disturbed. Food from the small intestine and stomach can be removed from the GI tract by vomiting, while the contents of the large intestine remain in it. Under normal conditions, a certain part of the water is absorbed precisely through the mucous membrane of the final sections of the gastrointestinal tract ( that is, through the mucosa of the large intestine). However, due to the slowdown in peristalsis, the absorption process is also disturbed, as a result of which water and intestinal contents are excreted through the anus in the form of loose stools or diarrhea. Such diarrhea usually recurs 1-2 times and does not pose a danger to the patient's life, since the loss of fluid and electrolytes is not as pronounced as in the first case.
Stomach ache ( stomach, intestines)
Pain in case of poisoning may be associated with damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestines. The fact is that under normal conditions it is covered with a thin layer of mucus, which protects it from the traumatic effects of food products, as well as from acidic gastric juice. In case of poisoning, the secretion of this mucus is disrupted, which leads to damage to the gastric mucosa and its inflammation ( gastritis). As a result, the patient may feel acute, paroxysmal pain in the upper abdomen, which occurs with a frequency of 1 to 2 times per minute and lasts from 5 to 20 seconds. The mechanism of pain in this case is due to peristaltic ( contractile) waves of the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract). When these muscles contract, the nerve endings of the stomach wall are irritated, which is felt by the patient as a cutting, poorly localized pain ( the patient cannot pinpoint exactly where it hurts).Drawing pains in the lower abdomen may be due to the transition of the infectious process to the large intestine, which will be accompanied by the appearance of diarrhea. Under normal conditions, the peristaltic wave is accompanied by a short-term ( for 3 - 5 seconds) muscle contraction, which helps to push the intestinal contents. With the development of poisoning, this function is impaired, as a result of which the muscular contractions of the intestine become too long ( that is, the muscles remain in a contracted state for 10 to 20 seconds or more). In this case, the metabolism in them is disturbed, which is accompanied by the appearance of characteristic pains.
Increase in body temperature
An increase in body temperature during poisoning is also a protective reaction of the body. The fact is that many pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins can only exist at a certain temperature, and when the ambient temperature rises, they die or are destroyed. That is why, in the process of evolution, this protective reaction was developed by the body - as soon as any foreign substance enters the systemic circulation, a number of biochemical processes are launched, the final result of which is an increase in body temperature.With any food poisoning, body temperature will rise to at least 37 to 38 degrees during the first 6 to 12 hours after eating bad or contaminated food. If the body's defenses cope with the infection, body temperature returns to normal within a day. At the same time, it is worth noting that infection with some pathogenic microorganisms or toxins can be accompanied by an extremely pronounced increase in temperature ( up to 39 - 40 and more degrees).
Headache
Headache can accompany poisoning if toxic substances from the gastrointestinal tract enter the bloodstream in large quantities. This activates the body's immune system, the purpose of which is to find and destroy all foreign agents that have entered the systemic circulation. During the operation of this system, so-called biologically active substances are produced that fight foreign microorganisms and their toxins. However, these substances also have negative effects, in particular a vasodilating effect. When toxic substances enter the systemic circulation, as well as when exposed to biologically active substances, an expansion of the blood vessels of the brain is noted, as a result of which part of the fluid from the bloodstream passes into the surrounding tissues. At the same time, the meningeal membrane of the brain, rich in sensitive nerve endings, is also stretched. All this leads to the occurrence of severe headaches, which can appear within the first day after the onset of poisoning and subside only after the patient's condition is normalized ( that is, after removal of foreign toxins and subsidence of immune responses).It should be noted that alcohol poisoning headache also occurs due to the expansion of blood vessels and swelling of brain tissue. However, in this case, ethyl alcohol itself has a vasodilating effect ( contained in alcoholic beverages), and the body's immune system is not involved in the pathological process.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of large amounts of fluid from the body. The cause of dehydration in case of poisoning can be frequent vomiting or diarrhea, during which a large amount of fluid is removed from the body. Moreover, an increase in body temperature can contribute to the development of dehydration, since in this case a person begins to sweat, and along with sweat, loses fluid.Since it is not always possible to recover losses ( for example, if the patient vomits again when taking fluids), already 4-6 hours after the onset of the disease, the patient may show the first signs of dehydration. If treatment is not started on time, the body will continue to lose fluid and vital electrolytes ( chlorine, sodium and others), which over time can lead to dysfunction of vital organs or even death.
Dehydration manifests itself:
- Decreased elasticity and dryness of the skin. Due to the fact that the liquid leaves the skin, it becomes dry and less elastic, loses its usual luster.
- Dryness of mucous membranes. This symptom is clearly visible in the oral cavity, tongue and lips ( mucous membranes become dry, and then covered with characteristic crusts).
- Pale skin. Due to the decrease in the volume of circulating blood, there is a "closure" of peripheral blood vessels ( especially in the skin), which allows you to maintain blood circulation in vital organs ( brain, heart, liver) at normal levels. The pallor of the skin in this case occurs due to the fact that the amount of blood in its vessels decreases.
- Retraction of the eyeballs. Under normal conditions, a layer of adipose tissue is located between the eyeball and the back wall of the orbit. It supports and fixes the eye, preventing its damage in case of injury. During dehydration, fluid from adipose tissue is also removed, as a result of which it ( adipose tissue) becomes thinner, and the eyeballs are displaced deep into the orbits.
- Rapid heartbeat. With moderate or severe dehydration, the volume of circulating blood decreases. To compensate for the losses and maintain the blood supply to the organs at a normal level, the heart has to pump blood at a faster rate.
- Decreased amount of urine. As the amount of fluid in the body decreases, protective mechanisms are launched, the purpose of which is to prevent further loss of water. One of these mechanisms is a decrease in the rate of urine formation in the kidneys.
Dizziness
Dizziness can be one of the first symptoms of poisoning by certain plants and fungi, as well as poisoning with alcoholic beverages or surrogates. The reason for the development of this symptom in this case is the direct toxic effect exerted by toxic substances on the brain. At the same time, it is worth noting that dizziness can also occur with other poisonings, indicating their severe course. So, for example, with severe intoxication of the body, accompanied by dehydration ( fluid loss) and a decrease in blood pressure, there may be a violation of the blood supply to the brain cells, which will be manifested by dizziness, darkening of the eyes, or even loss of consciousness.Body intoxication
General intoxication syndrome is a complex of symptoms that develop in the body with any food poisoning ( whatever its cause). The occurrence of this syndrome is due to the activation immune system and her fight against alien agents. After removal of all toxic substances from the body, signs of general intoxication disappear ( along with the normalization of body temperature).Intoxication of the body can manifest itself:
- general weakness;
- decrease in working capacity;
- retardation of thinking;
- drowsiness;
- chills ( feeling of coldness in the extremities);
- increased heartbeat;
- rapid breathing.
Symptoms of food poisoning in children
Mechanisms for the development of food poisoning in children do not differ from those in adults. At the same time, it is worth remembering that in the early childhood poisoning can develop faster and be more severe than in an adult. This is due to the imperfection of the protective forces and the immune system of the child's body, as well as its low compensatory capabilities. So, for example, after 2 - 4 bouts of vomiting or diarrhea, a child may develop dehydration, while in an adult this will not cause any serious disorders. That is why it is extremely important to timely identify the first signs and symptoms of poisoning and begin therapeutic measures without waiting for the baby's condition to worsen and complications develop.Poisoning in a child can manifest itself:
- Tearfulness- this is especially pronounced in young children who do not yet know how to express their feelings in words ( if the child is hurt or ill, he cries).
- Increased motor activity- the child may be restless, agitated.
- Defensive position in bed- in case of poisoning, children also experience abdominal pain, and therefore take the characteristic “embryo” pose ( knees and elbows are pressed to the stomach, and when you try to unbend or raise them, they begin to cry).
- Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea- the causes of these symptoms are the same as in case of poisoning in adults.
- An increase in body temperature- the temperature reaction in children may be more pronounced, as a result of which from the first day the temperature can rise to 38 - 39 degrees.
- Drowsiness and impaired consciousness- these signs occur with severe intoxication of the body and require immediate hospitalization.
- convulsions ( seizures) - they can occur when the child's body temperature rises above 40 degrees and is associated with impaired functioning of the nervous system.
Does blood pressure rise with poisoning?
Under normal conditions, blood pressure ( HELL) of a person is 120/80 millimeters of mercury. By itself, food poisoning does not cause an increase in blood pressure. At the initial stage of the development of the disease, when the patient develops severe vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, his blood pressure may slightly exceed the norm. This is due to an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity ( during vomiting), as well as the activation of the body's defense systems, one of the manifestations of which is the narrowing of blood vessels and an increase in blood pressure. After the vomiting subsides, the pressure usually returns to normal within an hour.At the same time, it should be noted that in case of severe poisoning ( that is, with the development of dehydration and other complications) may experience a drop in blood pressure below normal. This is an extremely dangerous symptom, indicating the depletion of the body's compensatory capabilities. This can disrupt the blood supply to vital organs ( first of all, the brain), as a result of which a person may experience dizziness, lose consciousness, or even fall into a coma.
Can poisoning occur without fever?
Most poisonings are characterized by an increase in body temperature, but this symptom is not always found. As mentioned earlier, an increase in temperature is a protective reaction of the body that develops when foreign microorganisms or their toxins enter the systemic circulation. However, in some poisonings, the toxic agent does not enter the systemic circulation, but exerts its pathogenic effect only at the level of the intestinal mucosa. In this case, the patient may experience some characteristic signs of poisoning ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), but body temperature may remain normal or rise slightly ( up to 37 - 37.5 degrees).The severity of poisoning ( mild, moderate, severe, fatal)
The severity of poisoning depends on the severity of damage to vital organs and systems that develops after the ingestion of a toxic substance into the body.Depending on the severity, there are:
- Light poisoning. The disease does not cause dysfunction of vital organs. Therapeutic activities can be carried out at home.
- Moderate poisoning. The general condition of the patient is disturbed, which is manifested by moderate disorders of the functions of vital organs ( increased breathing and heart rate, fluctuations in blood pressure, increased body temperature, and so on). Although the patient's life is not in danger, the treatment of such poisoning is recommended to be carried out in a hospital, since otherwise the patient's general condition may worsen and complications may develop.
- Severe poisoning. In this case, intoxication of the body leads to severe dysfunction of vital organs, which can be manifested by a drop in blood pressure, impaired consciousness, lack of urine ( due to dehydration and impaired urinary function of the kidneys) and so on. Treatment of such patients should be carried out exclusively in the hospital, as otherwise the risk of complications and death is high.
- Extremely severe poisoning. In this case, the violation of the functions of vital organs is so pronounced that in order to save a person's life, he must be immediately hospitalized in the intensive care unit and begin specific treatment. Otherwise, death is inevitable.
- Fatal poisoning. In this case, poisoning with any substances leads to the death of the patient, despite the best efforts of doctors ( if any, that is, if the patient managed to be hospitalized