Appropriateness of speech Russian speech etiquette. Russian speech etiquette
The national culture of any state is determined by such important element, how . Language, verbal communication, set expressions, formulas, communication stereotypes - all this reflects the experience of the people. In every state there is national feature speech etiquette. Not deprived of it and, the specificity of which is very bright, unique, amazing. About what national are typical for and what distinguishes us from our neighbors, read below.
In order to understand what national and cultural characteristics the inhabitants of different countries adhere to, it is necessary to pay attention to their speech etiquette. It is enough to at least listen to the welcoming speech. Abroad (America, EU countries) it is not customary to cry to a friend during a meeting, to complain about life. Local etiquette allows you to inquire about the health of the interlocutor, exchange standard phrases (“How are you?”, “How are you?”), but it is not customary to answer questions. In Russia, friends who met each other can spend hours sharing experiences, worries, complaining about life, even being proud of the fact that they have to resolve the difficulties that have piled up. Rules of behavior this is not forbidden (the main thing is that the conversation should not be tiresome for the interlocutor). Moreover, the presence of difficulties should not always be regarded as a bad sign. The peculiarity of the Russian mentality is to consider that only idlers have no worries, sorrows, and a serious person is surrounded by them. It is simply not customary to talk about a good life in Russian society. Having poured out his soul, a person is waiting for a response from the interlocutor. A Russian, answering the question “How are you?”, in most cases will complain, tell how difficult, unfair life can sometimes be. European response "Good!" may arouse suspicion. Therefore, a Russian, talking with a foreigner or a person who does not want to talk about his life, will feel tension, consider the opponent secretive, intractable. These are the amazing ones that open up after analyzing just a few phrases spoken at the time of greeting.
They also appear in the following communicative situations. When talking with a friend, a resident of Russia prefers to focus on himself (“Imagine, I was yesterday in ...”, “This happened to me!”, “I got into a similar one. Listen ...”). This distinguishes Russians from other peoples (for example, in the course of a conversation they talk about each other). It is quite difficult for a person with a Russian soul to mask feelings. He prefers to express his opinion directly (“Let me disagree with you”, “Do not mislead me”), rather than try to please the opponent, try to delicately refuse something, hint at the wrongness of the interlocutor, as, for example, polite people do.
Only in Russian speech is there such a variety of phrases (combinations of words) that mean essentially the same thing. For example, when inviting a person to visit, Russians use different expressions that reflect national culture, emphasizing goodwill: “You are welcome!”, “Welcome!”, “Let me invite you”, “Feel at home”, etc. A rich list of phrases is given for use during farewell to the owners of the house: “Bread and salt”, “Before”, “All the best”, “Peace to your home”. They are endowed with a deep original folk meaning that is not found in other languages.
Each of us in any situation, talking with any person, uses. When choosing what to say and what methods of conveying etiquette values using speech, a person takes into account everything: the environment, the topic of the conversation, the person with whom he is to speak. Rules of behavior are always respected by people, since speech that is not related to etiquette does not exist.
Of particular importance in the speech etiquette of the Russian nation is the language of gestures. In Russia, as in European countries, it is customary to shake hands when meeting. But the gestures adopted and widespread in our country may carry the opposite meaning, be indecent on the territory of other states. Russian etiquette allows men to not raise their headdress while greeting someone. Abroad (in Japan, for example) such behavior is considered uncivilized. When meeting a friend, we can easily slap him on the shoulder, which is prohibited in Japan, Finland, where this gesture is unacceptable. Approving the act of a loved one / child, comforting someone, Russians stroke their head, which is unacceptable in relation to Thais, who consider the head to be sacred. And such a gesture as shaking the head, which characterizes the word “No” among Russians, is not used at all and they avoid verbal words associated with the denial of something.
noticeable in the example of telephone etiquette. A Russian, when making a call to someone, usually does not introduce himself, unlike the amiable Europeans. Etiquette does not require this from the person who is being called. The most common case is to limit yourself to the phrases "Hello", "Yes", "I'm listening." In Europe, both the caller and the person answering the phone are usually introduced ("Hello, Mr....", "Hello, you've reached Dr. Smith, leave a message", or "Dr. Smith is listening"). Although in last years began a confident movement towards the European, which is especially striking when visiting large chain stores. In supermarkets, employees (cashiers, sellers) adhere to a special corporate etiquette, the main rule of which is to greet customers. The latter are also included in the etiquette game, as the realization comes that silence can be perceived as rudeness, disrespect for staff.
It has national specifics and a naming system. In the West, a two-name system for naming people (first name + surname) is common, in Russia it is a three-name system (patronymic is added). Surprisingly, in Russia, the emphasis on patronymics was considered a sign of respect and honor. Today, due to the inevitable Westernization of Russian society, the system of appeals is undergoing tremendous changes. In Russia, especially in the press, the combination of first name + surname is often used.
As for speech, which is a kind of communication etiquette, there are also specific features here. writing consists in strict adherence to certain functional styles, while oral speech allows blurring of stylistic boundaries.
If we draw a parallel between Russian and European etiquette, the indisputable fact remains that Western European is more focused on maintaining a distance between people, Russian speech etiquette - to maintain solidarity. Gradually, this line is erased, as the influence of Western culture still leaves a mark. But Russians, unlike the inhabitants of Europe and the United States, are still provided with a wider range of speech strategies, which sometimes makes it difficult to choose the only one that is right for them. specific case, which is neutral and has a minimum emotional load. In less than a century of history, Russia has lost a number of treasures accumulated by its ancestors. Gradually, European words are crowding out Russian ones (police -, janitor - cleaner), words reflecting primordially Russian culture (mother, Your Excellency, comrade) are leaving everyday life. But basics of speech culture are still respected by the inhabitants of the country.
Summing up, it is worth saying that the social conditions of any society are reflected through human activity, communication. The construction of speech occurs in different ways, taking into account who you have to turn to, on what occasion and what kind of relationship binds opponents. To know the norms of behavior, to follow them, to be able to control, to restrain one's emotions, to respect people, to treat them attentively, to observe them - these are the tasks that every citizen must set and fulfill. Only compliance with the requirements of speech etiquette can turn communication into a pleasant process that allows you to resolve difficult everyday and business problems, get rid of conflicts, misunderstandings.
With whomever we communicate, wherever we are, we should obey certain rules. For example, the rules govern road traffic, behavior in public places, school, at a business meeting or at a party. Oral speech also has its own rules, the absence of which would not allow for a competent and polite conversation. Comprehension by people of the basic rules of speech etiquette, which makes it possible to make communication pleasant and understandable for interlocutors, occurs even in childhood. Thanks to different situations and observation of others people learn rules of behavior accepted in society.
Why is speech etiquette important?
In our fast-paced time, we have to increasingly visit people, communicate on a variety of topics and make new acquaintances. Modern man becomes more free in terms of communication, often forgetting about the elementary rules of decency and tact, which is unacceptable. Compliance is just as important as other types of etiquette, because it will allow you to better understand people and successfully conduct any dialogues with them. In addition, by the way a person communicates, one can judge the degree of breadth of his soul, education and positioning himself in society. D. Likhachev very accurately noted in his time, saying the following: “Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind.”
In any society, it is customary to observe rules of behavior and pay special attention to the culture of speech. But in order to master it, it is necessary to have a clear idea of what the concept means. Russian. It is a system of linguistic signs, as well as the rules for their use, which are accepted in society. All this is necessary in order to establish verbal contact between the people leading the conversation and maintain communication in an emotionally positive tone, regardless of external circumstances. Using certain words and expressions that are able to reflect the national specifics of verbal politeness, a person can fulfill the task assigned to him - in the most tactful and helpful way to convey to the interlocutor the meaning of his words.
What does the concept of speech situation mean?
For a speech situation to arise, certain conditions must be met. The main element of the speech situation is the appearance of the speaker and the listener. The second point is the presence of a topic of conversation (what will be discussed). The third condition is the presence of interlocutors in a certain space and time (where/when). And finally, the presence of the motive of the speech action (why) and the goal (why the opponents started this conversation) is necessary. All this can be done by using a special code - language. Proper management of it will allow you to achieve the location of the listeners, form a positive impression of the speaker in them and arouse interest in continuing the conversation. The use of etiquette formulas and the display of courtesy are necessary condition culture. and etiquette- the concepts are very close and manifest as a benevolent attitude towards others. The use of verbal and non-verbal courtesy signs is etiquette, the rules of which are not only possible, but must be required to be observed by everyone.
The most famous and commonly used are the following rules of speech etiquette :
- greetings;
- acquaintance;
- thanks;
- apology;
- approval/compliment;
- farewell;
- sympathy / condolences;
- wishes;
- invitations;
- requests;
- reference .
During communication with each other, people try to convey certain information: to communicate something, to convey the meaning of their words to the interlocutor, to induce something, to ask or give advice. To cope with the task, they resort to performing speech actions. But before you start exchanging information, you should enter into verbal contact with a person. This must be done in accordance with certain rules. Many do not notice them, because they have become familiar. But their violation is noticeable immediately. For example, the address of the seller to the buyer on "you" is perceived by the latter as the height of tactlessness. You can talk about disrespect if one of the acquaintances did not say hello at the meeting. From the outside, a person’s unwillingness to thank someone for help, service rendered, etc. looks ugly. And people who systematically do not admit their mistakes or do not apologize at all seem ignorant.
imposes a number of restrictions and prohibitions on emotions, foul language during communication and conversation in raised tones. This is not only ugly, but it can also be perceived ambiguously by others. There are many forms of rudeness. We are talking about arrogance, arrogance, arrogance, insult, the use of offensive words, etc. A manifestation of impoliteness can be considered:
- choosing an inappropriate expression for a particular situation or for an interlocutor (he greeted the young teacher with the phrase “Hello!”);
- non-compliance with the rules of speech etiquette (when leaving the person did not apologize, squeezing through the crowd);
- insulting the interlocutor by using rude words (sit down here, put on yourself).
You should not be like a rude person and engage in verbal polemics. it is not welcome. It is important to address the person correctly and as politely as possible and put him in his place. An opponent who is familiar with the rules of etiquette will calm down and admit that he was wrong. In this case speech etiquette will be the best and most effective means that will allow you to remove verbal aggression.
Golden rules for arguing and defending your point of view
Since the conversation has turned to controversy, discussions, debates, it is worth knowing that there are those that allow you to conduct such a conversation in a polite manner. It is not at all necessary to engage in a passionate argument, proving something to your opponent and accompanying your speech with active gestures and a loud voice. Do you want to be heard? - Speak quieter! So says folk wisdom, proven for centuries. Really. Politicians who frequently appear on television and respond to provocative questions or the objections of opponents, rarely allow themselves to behave outside the etiquette rules. It is easy to get a person out of himself, but to control oneself and correctly respond to the comments of opponents is the duty not only of public people, but also of each of us. You don't have to act like you're at war. A conversation, whatever it may be, is primarily a process of interaction between two or more people seeking to show respect for each other. Lack of desire to rise above the interlocutors and competent speech are signs of a polite and tactful person. These qualities increase the degree of trust in such people, help to keep the conversation on the same wavelength, achieve the goal and effectively transfer information.
Expressiveness of speech, compliance with the rules speech culture- signs of a cultured and educated person. The main task of any of us is not only the ability to apply the necessary etiquette formulas and observe Russian speech etiquette but also the improvement of speech. Must comply etiquette in any situation, develop oral speech, master communicative tactics and strategies to prevent and extinguish conflicts. Language is the most powerful means of communication, which is a system of signs and rules accepted in society. Know basicsspeech culture and to be able to apply them in practice is the duty of every citizen.
Siberian State Geodetic
Academy (SSGA)
abstract
in the Russian language and culture of speech
on the topic: "Speech etiquette in modern Russian".
Completed:
1st year student
EP groups - 12
Popova A.G.
Checked:
Kuzmina N.A.
Novosibirsk, 2001
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SPEECH ETIQUET IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
3. CONCLUSION
4.LITERATURE
“... We will save you,
Russian speech,
Great Russian word." Anna Akhmatova
INTRODUCTION
Etiquette (French etiquette-label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to attitudes towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothing). Indeed, etiquette is expressed in various aspects of our behavior. For example, a variety of human movements, postures and positions that he takes can have an etiquette value. Compare a polite position facing the speaker and a completely impolite position with your back to him. For etiquette purposes, we often use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers ...), clothing features (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothes shows well how we understand the situation, how we treat other participants in communication). Our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people. Everyone knows special verbal formulas of politeness such as Hello! Excuse me, please! Be kind... Good night!
Speech etiquette in modern Russian.
This means that etiquette has verbal (or verbal - from Latin verbalis "verbal") and non-verbal means.
Let us recall how in the well-known story by L. I. Lagina the old man Hottabych first appears before Volka Kostylkov:
Apchkhi!” the unknown old man sneezed deafeningly and fell on his face. “Greetings to you, O beautiful and wise boy!
A verbally expressed greeting is combined here with an old non-verbal sign of respect and humility - with a special etiquette posture of a genie grateful for his salvation. In communication, verbal and non-verbal means are often used simultaneously, often to express one etiquette content.
Every language has its own history, its ups and downs. At especially critical moments of state reforms, there is always a danger of losing attention to this national treasure, being distracted by the seemingly more important needs and problems of society. In our time of great social and spiritual changes, this danger has increased many times over. The Russian language over the past two decades has endured many not the best influences and intrusions. The alarm was sounded by dozens of scientific and cultural figures. Back in the early 90s, realizing that there was an ugly pollution of the Russian language, the writers of the St. Petersburg organization of the Writers' Union of Russia raised the issue of accepting state level Law on the protection of the Russian language. And only at the beginning of the 98th year this Law was adopted, which refers to the mandatory introduction of the Russian language course, the culture of speech in all universities of the country and the adoption of special measures to increase the level of literacy of the population.
But let us ask ourselves honestly: are we speaking correctly, are we speaking purely? Are we polluting our speech with worthless words, rudeness, absurdities? And how do we greet our loved ones: "hello" or sincerely wish them good health? Don't we "check", don't we swallow individual sounds, don't we sometimes look like a bad automaton in "speech concoction"? Needless to say, our speech is often subject to various negative influences, in particular impoverishment and clogging. Both an abandoned field and careless speech immediately begin to “overgrow” with various “weeds” and “weeds”. These weeds are harmful carriers of language corruption, “cancer cells” of speech.
For example, it is considered undignified to write in a newspaper article or essay: We decided not to try again. No, they will certainly write: We have made a decision stop trying... Or about the work of the crew space station: Breath samples were taken air. This fence would not have flown into space if it had not been embarrassing to say simply: The astronauts took samples. And now nouns in indirect cases are piled on top of each other, and more and more verbal (that is, formed from a verb): The development process of the movement to strengthen cooperation; With complete astonishment, he participated a moment ago in what happened ... One of the rare connoisseurs of the Russian language K. I. Chukovsky branded this official style with a deadly definition clerk. The clerk, he argued, is a dead thing. The disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paperwork. It can manifest itself in a confused, incomprehensible structure of a phrase, and in uncountable subordinate clauses, doubly heavy and unnatural in colloquial speech, and in the inappropriate use of so-called denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, in deed, for check etc. For example: in the matter of improving skills, in terms of satisfying the issues of the population, acted along the line of criticism, due to the weakness of cultural propaganda. Stationery turns deprive speech of simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, make it gray, monotonous dry.
The same negative role as the bureaucrats is played by all sorts of speech stamps, hackneyed expressions, for example: focus attention on…, clarification work, we have to date, look at the angle, put at the forefront, as a result of the activities carried out to implement…, raise a question, sharpen the issue, settle, illuminate, emphasize, discuss, promote question etc. In official business and partly scientific and technical styles without these well-established phrases is difficult to do. In these cases, it is customary to speak of "speech stereotypes". But in the spoken language - oral or written - these are already “stamps”: “words slapped with many lips”, sparkling like “erased nickels” with a weathered meaning.
Stylistically flawed and poorly receptive, they are made dull, due to frequent use, emotionally expressive coloring.
Close to speech stamps are the so-called companion words, paired words, which also, due to repeated repetition, do not evoke the necessary associations in the mind, lose their estimated values and gradually turn into a cliché. For example: if criticism, then sharp; if scope, then wide; if tasks, then concrete; impression certainly indelible, the struggle is stubborn, the wave is powerful, the length of time is relatively short, the speech is agitated, the morning is beautiful etc. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: “The language of ready-made expressions, clichés ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the intricate keyboard of our brain.
Much in our speech and extra, unnecessary words, which are more common among talkers and demagogues. Verbosity, by all accounts, is a great lack of speech, regardless of style and genre. Verbosity always provokes to commit speech errors and say meaningless phrases. A demagogue can say the right things, but inappropriate at the moment. His pomp actually demonstrates not the richness of the language, but its real devastation, few people will seriously listen to him.
Extra words testify to the negligence of the speaker or writer, indicate the fuzziness and uncertainty of the author's ideas about the subject of speech. Extra words always go to the detriment of the content of the statement, obscuring the main idea. Such sentences can confuse anyone: Our commander was still alive 25 minutes before his death. Russian athletes arrived at international competitions in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also foreign athletes will participate.
Verbosity, or speech redundancy, can manifest itself in the use of extra words even in a short phrase. For example: on the face illegal hauling state property. Before his death he been ill for a long time. Sometimes there are also expressions: own family; silently, without words; very well; like as if etc.
Verbosity can take the form pleonasm. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess) is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore extra words: the main essence, everyday routine, uselessly disappears, anticipate in advance, valuable treasures, dark darkness.
Pleonasm is a type tautology(from the Greek tauto - the same and logos - word) - repeated designation in other words of an already named concept: multiply many times, ask a question, renew, an extraordinary phenomenon that moves the leitmotif. Tautology can occur when repeating words with the same root: he asked for a story. Citizens pedestrians! Cross the street only at pedestrian crossings! A hidden tautology is a combination of a foreign and Russian word, duplicating each other in lexical meaning: memorabilia, debuted for the first time, vacancies, autobiography, price list.
Speech can be clogged and distorted as well wrong choice one word or another: most of the time, heavy snows, long period, bow your head, kneel, hold defeat, cause joy, terribly beautiful, play a special role, have a big role etc.
Often, the simple repetition of words also damages our speech, which usually indicates the poor vocabulary of the author or his inability to clearly and concisely formulate thoughts. If a person chews gum from the same words and phrases, indiscriminately inserting them both into everyday conversation and into written speech, this indicates his low culture. “To deal with the language somehow,” wrote A. N. Tolstoy, “means to think somehow: inaccurately, approximately, incorrectly.”
Unfortunately, any mental work scares most people who are passive native speakers. They prefer carelessness and obscurity to harmonious and intelligible speech.
The language of the people is both rich and precise,
But there are, alas, inaccurate words,
They grow like weeds
On poorly plowed roadsides.
(N. Rylenkov)
Of course, if we meet all these shortcomings and weeds in literary texts, then it should be borne in mind that there they play a completely different, expressive role that characterizes the hero.
Sloppy and dirty makes our speech and erroneous use of word forms(gender, case, number) and whole phrases. Here are just the most common speech difficulties encountered in our everyday life:
put(imperfect view), but in no case lay down; the verb to lay down is used only with prefixes ( put on, put on) or with -sya - at the end ( go to bed);
Put (perfect view), but not lay down; verb put used without attachments put, put);
Lie down, lay down, lay down(imperative mood), but not lie down, lie down; decline correctly lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down;
Directors", Doctors', Professors'(plural) - with a stressed a’ at the end of a word;
Lecturers, constructors, drivers(plural) - with an unstressed s at the end;
A pair of boots, felt boots, boots, shoes, stockings(genus case plural);
speak correctly came from school, but not from school, preposition with, with denotes movement from top to bottom (compare: get off the bus - get off the ladder).
The clogging of the language is often associated with the inappropriate use of the so-called professionalisms - words inherent in a certain, narrow field of science and professional activity. Any profession has its own terminology, a necessary set of special concepts, the use of which is quite natural. But too narrow professionalism is completely unnecessary in everyday communication: Autumn harvest radishes are laid for storage by sanding; When the dock became free, the barge left to dock; Doctors urgently screened; Percale has undergone maceration for a long time of poor storage. The author of such expressions clearly wants to somehow stand out from the general "uneducated" mass and show others his intellectual superiority.
Some people, usually not quite literate, like to invent their own words, trying to somehow express their thoughts. Such an unjustified individual vocabulary, the appearance of "badly invented words" often becomes a source of clogging the language. About 60 years ago, stylists were sickened, for example, by the words: bucked, shattered, grunted, buruzdil; in times of rigid bureaucratization, neologisms (new words) were often born as the fruit of “clerical eloquence”: book unit, under-rest, under-fulfillment, one-idea, headache, passenger overkill.
AT recent times causes anxiety copious, if not greedy, consumption foreign vocabulary. Of course, borrowing words from other languages is a natural and normal phenomenon in the language. Many of these words have taken root well and fit into the literary Russian language. However, the unbridled fascination with "Americanisms" observed by linguists since the late 80s, immensely clogs our modern speech. This happens when there is no need for it. It is no coincidence that this speech defect is called barbarism. Belinsky also noted that “to use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it means to offend both common sense and common taste.” It has become fashionable to replace “outdated” words inherited from Soviet times with new, bright and catchy ones (this is especially felt in the sphere of political life). Not just legal, but "legitimate";"to express dissatisfaction" - boring, it is necessary - frontier; "hire" was changed to rent; there was an office - became office; the word "representative" is already somehow unrepresentative, another thing - representative; and instead of "uniformity" it sounds more solid unification. You listen to our "leaders" and try in vain to penetrate into force majeure the circumstances of the government, which is experiencing pressure and is going to take some preventive measures. A huge stream is poured into our speech “words - amoeba”, transparent, not connected with the fabric of national life, as if having no roots. An important feature of these words - amoebas - their apparent scientific nature. Will you say communication instead of communication or embargo instead of blockade- and your banal thoughts seem to be supported by the authority of science. In fact, the separation of the word from the thing, forgetfulness of the root - and therefore the meaning hidden in the thing - implicitly destroys the entire language. When a Russian person hears the words "exchange dealer" or "hired killer", they raise whole layers of meanings in his mind, he relies on these words in his attitude to the phenomena they designate. But the words broker or killer are deprived in our minds of the necessary semantic associations and are perceived passively. It should be considered why, for example, the press insistently seeks to put out of use the word supervisor and replace it with the word leader? The first word historically arose to denote a person who expresses the collective will, "leads by the hand" of someone, guiding, walking side by side, shoulder to shoulder. Word leader originated in the Western philosophy of competition, where the leader personifies the individualism of a successful entrepreneur and means "the first, the best." Why our teenager we have to call teenager, voters name electorate, but instead of the word indifference to speak another indifference? Weird.
A.S. Pushkin 200 years ago sadly remarked:
Treasures of the native word
Important minds will notice -
For someone else's babble
We neglected madly.
We love the Muses of other people's toys,
Alien dialects rattles,
We don't read our own books...
This feature of non-literary speech was perfectly noticed by N. V. Gogol and gave a brilliant example of it in The Tale of Captain Kopeikin (Volume 1 of Dead Souls). In the story of the uncultured postmaster we find the following passage: “Well, you can imagine, some kind of, that is, Captain Kopeikin, and suddenly found himself in a capital, which, so to speak, is not like it in the world. Suddenly there is a light in front of him, so to speak, a certain field of life, a fabulous Scheherazade. Suddenly some sort of, you can imagine, Nevsky Prospekt, or there, you know, some kind of Gorokhovaya, damn it! or there some kind of Foundry; there is some kind of spitz in the air; bridges hang there like a devil, you can imagine, without any, that is, touch - in a word, Semiramis, sir, and it’s full!
The second dangerous enemy of our oral speech is rough colloquial and slang the words. Vernacular with jargons constitute a special "illegalized" sphere of the spoken language and are opposed to the literary language - the highest form of existence of the national language. Many vernaculars are characterized by expressively reduced evaluative words with a range of shades: from familiarity to rudeness, which in literary language there are neutral synonyms: muzzle- face, shy away- hit, sleep- sleep, drape- run away. In the Ozhegov dictionary for such words there is a note: simple. Excessive and inappropriate use of vernacular makes a person's speech vulgar and miserable. Vernaculars can also be detected in the area of stress ( percent, instead of percent), in the area of pronunciation ( what instead of what, right now instead of now, runoff instead of so many), in the field of morphology ( choice', instead of lit. elections, want instead of want), word usage ( lay down instead of put back in meaning again) and in many modified word forms ( slippers, after, here, no).
Slang expressions sound especially ugly in speech - a kind of speech of any group of people united by a profession, an emotional spectrum: from a playfully ironic to a rudely vulgar tone. Some jargon came from other languages (" dude"- the guy from the gypsy," hair"- hair from English), from different dialects (" take"- drink, " goof off"- to tire). Many jargons arose due to figurative meaning or associations, which, however, are devoid of aesthetic meaning. : take off - go, a wheelbarrow - a car, a lemon - a million, a mower - a thousand rubles. Few fans of such expressions know that he speaks like a criminal. After all, many jargons have made their way into the spoken language from the language of the declassed elements (slang), common in the underworld, which uses it to hide the subject of the conversation so that no one guesses about their mischief: cool, shmon, lawlessness, cormorant.
Youth slang belongs to the same category of rude words. The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from everyday life, a game, a mask. Risky, laid-back youth jargon seeks to get away from the boring world of adults. Like its bearers, it is sharp, loud, impudent. This is the result of a peculiar desire to change the world in a different way, as well as the sign "I am mine." Among the younger generation, it is often considered fashionable and attractive to use words that cannot be found in any dictionary. After all, their meaning is in no way connected with the root itself, and when used in speech, they serve as a pretentious substitute and vulgar solvent for a literate and beautiful language.
Cool- came from the word "peck", this is the one that pecks;
Steep- means humpbacked;
ship- impose heavy objects on a person.
What can be said about a man who, in a fit of pride, proclaims : and I don't care! Indeed, the upper part of the torso of this person can hardly be called a head.
Many other words of this kind are absurd and meaningless, and he who loves to show off at their expense is ridiculous.
Here is the word " pancake”, without which some people cannot even imagine their linguistic existence, in addition to lexical absurdity, it has a very serious, very ugly underlying meaning. As the researchers note, the origin of this word is associated with the replacement of another, obscene word beginning with the same letter. It's worth considering what we're talking about!
Youth jargon has its own time limits: with each generation of young people (5-7 years old), the set of jargons also changes. No one now remembers such peculiar assessments: iron - "good", millet - "poorly", so widespread in the 60-70s. XX century. Jargon is a kind of language within a language, an ephemeral phenomenon of a crisis nature.
In the light of all these reflections, the third, most ugly, enemy of language looks especially depressing - it is foul language or in the common people swear words. The very concept of "obscene" is associated with the phenomenon of censorship in the language. Of course, there are no people and organizations that would control the speech of people, track and punish those responsible for mistakes. But there is a moral censor - this is conscience. When a person swears, he loses all shame and a sense of humanity in front of others, goes against his conscience. After all, often when a dispersed swindler appears in public, many feel somehow uncomfortable, as if everyone personally becomes an accomplice in something dirty, obscene. Therefore, among cultured and literate people, obscene language is unthinkable.
Some today are trying to legitimize the idea that mate is a deeply Russian tradition, a national feature and even the pride of the people. These ignoramuses do not know history at all, and in this way they try to justify their vice to themselves and others. In fact, foul language in Russia until about the middle of the 19th century was not only not widespread even in the countryside, but for a very long time it was a criminal offense! Even under Tsars Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich in Russia, a swearing man was subjected to public flogging. And folk wisdom has asserted and continues to assert that there is no peace in the family of foul language. The very tendency to swearing is always accompanied by other vices - starting with alcoholism and ending with all sorts of forms of domestic aggression.
CONCLUSION.
A remarkable connoisseur of Russian speech, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872), cited many greeting formulas that were adopted in Russia in the past. Greeting those finishing the harvest, they said: “With two fields harvested, with a third sown!”. The threshers were also wished successful work: "A hundred a day, a thousand a week!" "Fresh for you!" - greeted the girl scooping water. "Bread and salt!" or “Tea and sugar!” - said to those who eat or drink.
With the help of verbal formulas of etiquette, we express relationships at a meeting and parting, when we thank someone or apologize, in a situation of acquaintance and in many other cases. Each language has its own fund of etiquette formulas. Their composition in Russian is most fully described by A. A. Akishina and N. I. Formanovskaya, the authors of numerous works on modern Russian speech etiquette.
Etiquette communication plays a big role in the life of each of us, but, of course, human communication is not at all reduced to rituals alone. Etiquette situations are only a part of communication. Unetiquette communication is equally important.
All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech, of course, is built in different ways, depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those who communicate. We are so accustomed to changing the type of speech depending on the conditions of communication that we do this most often unconsciously, automatically. The perception of information about human relations transmitted by the features of speech also occurs automatically. But it is worth making a mistake in choosing the type of speech, as the automaticity of perception is violated and we immediately notice what previously eluded our attention. Speech fluctuates in time with human relations - this is the etiquette modulation of speech. Special etiquette communication takes place, as we already know, only from time to time, but modifications (modulation) of verbal and non-verbal behavior under the influence human relations always happens. This means that this is one of the most important means of expressing etiquette content - a means that is always at our disposal.
LITERATURE
1. Gvozdarev Yu. A. Language is the confession of the people ... Book. For students. –M.: Enlightenment, 1993.
2. Skvortsov L. I. Culture of Russian speech: Dictionary - reference book. - M.: knowledge, 1995.
3. Golub I. B., Rosenthal D. E. Secrets of good speech. – M.: International relations, 1993.
4. Encyclopedia for children. T. 10 Linguistics. Russian language. – M.: Avanta +, 1998.
5. Lustrova Z. N., Skvortsova L. I., Deryagin V. Ya. Conversations about the Russian language. – M.: Knowledge, 1978.
6. Smolyaninov I.F. It's great to talk about beauty. - L .: Knowledge, 1974.
7. Rosenthal D.E. What better way to say it?: Book. For students Art. classes. – M.: Enlightenment, 1988.
8. Maksimov V.I. Accuracy and expressiveness of the word. - L .: Education, 1968.
9. Ladyzhenskaya T.A. living word: Oral speech as a means and subject of education. – M.: Enlightenment, 1986.
10. Odintsov V.V. Linguistic paradoxes: Book. For students Art. classes. – M.: Enlightenment, 1988.
AT modern world is of great importance. Human speech is one of the main characterological features that give an idea of the degree of education of the individual, his responsibility, culture. The manner of communication allows you to understand how a person positions himself in society, how he relates to people around him and his affairs. Despite the fact that we comprehend the basic ones in childhood, in order to achieve success in communicating with people, you need to constantly work on your own speech. Knowing the basic rules and norms of communication with other people will allow you to better understand the interlocutors and establish trusting relationships with them.
What is speech etiquette and how did it arise
Under speech etiquette, it is customary to understand a stable system of communication adopted in society along with culture. This is an unspoken set of rules that are mandatory for all people who want to build good relationships with others. These rules of behavior established over the centuries. Even our distant ancestors communicated with each other, adhering to an unwritten code. It was then, in ancient times, that it began to happen, its foundation began to be laid. Compliance with etiquette rules for ancient people was a kind of ritual that helped the interlocutors understand that they were not hostile and were ready for a constructive dialogue. Over time, many of the original actions have lost their power, but some rituals and their verbal formulations have survived and continue to be reproduced to this day.
Communication rules: speech etiquette and its formulas
To master the etiquette of speech communication, you need to have knowledge from various sciences, such as linguistics, culture, etc. You can master the skills of a culture of communication through the use of speech etiquette formulas, that is, certain words, set expressions and phrases that are used depending on the stages conversation. In total, it is customary to distinguish 3 stages:
- welcome;
- main;
- final.
The beginning of any conversation is accompanied by a greeting, which in turn can be performed at the verbal and levels. At the same time, it is worth remembering that its sequence is of particular importance here. It is assumed that the first to greet the interlocutor is the youngest in age or position. When people of opposite sexes meet, the gentleman first utters the words of greeting, but if we are talking about an adult man and a young lady, the girl should be the first to greet the acquaintance. Depending on the chosen form of greeting (respectful, specific, indicating the time of the meeting, contributing to the creation of an emotional mood or emphasizing the wish for health), certain words of greeting are pronounced, such as, for example, “My respect!”, “I wish you well!”, “ Good morning!”, “Glad to see you!”, “Hello!”. It is customary to end the conversation with phrases that can be expressed in the form:
- wishes - “Before!”, “All the best!”, “Good luck!”, “Happily!”, “Be healthy!”;
- hopes for an early meeting - "Until tomorrow!", "See you!", "Let's call";
- doubts about further meetings - “Farewell!”, “Do not remember dashingly!”.
The transition to the main part of the conversation is based on the use of speech formulas that are applied depending on the type of situation:
- solemn (involving the use of phrases and expressions that emphasize the desire to congratulate the interlocutor or invite somewhere);
- worker (based on censure / gratitude, appeal to colleagues / superiors);
- mournful (accompanied by words of sympathy, empathy, consolation).
The speech etiquette of any country has its own characteristics, characteristic of representatives of a certain culture and language. The main feature of Russian speech etiquette is the absence of socially neutral personal appeals. The revolution led to the loss of many universal words, such as "sir / madam", "Your Grace", "father / mother", and the communist era ended with the disappearance of the word "comrade" from everyday life. Today, people using these addresses seem old-fashioned. Although in some cases they are returned to give speech an ideological coloring or to build phrases through the use of impersonal forms. As for slang phrases and obscene language, the fashion for which appeared in the 90s of the last century, many words are firmly entrenched in everyday speech, entered the media and even literary works. Now there is practically no difference between these words and expressive expressions.
The uniqueness of Russian speech etiquette also lies in the use of the name and patronymic, emphasizing respect for the person. In the modern world, analogues of such treatment are rare. And through the use diminutive forms names and words, it is possible to emphasize a family / close relationship with the interlocutor (daughter, little wife, Sashenka).
Another difference in speech etiquette is the use of the pronoun plural during official communication. The polite form "You" is used when talking to a stranger or when necessary to emphasize the person's authority. The emergence of closeness or commonality of views between the interlocutors allows the transition to the "you" form.
Etiquette of speech communication in Russia does not require you to greet passers-by or neighbors. This explains the absence of neutral speech constructions in the language. But in the case of an acquaintance and the establishment of communication, it is worth contacting the interlocutor, expressing feelings of gratitude and deep respect.
The richness of the Russian language is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to the use of phraseological units, idioms, and sayings, as well as popular expressions that are not easy to translate into other languages, Russian speech stands out noticeably from the general background. And the speech of a person who uses such phrases becomes much more interesting, demonstrates the erudition of the interlocutor and allows you to convey the feelings, emotions of the speaker or the meaning of words as clearly as possible.
Summarizing all of the above, it is worth adding that the rules of speech etiquette have a lot of differences depending on where the interlocutors live. Communication norms that representatives of one culture consider appropriate may not fit at all into the framework of speech etiquette of residents of other states. Speech etiquette is a complex system that serves to use various language techniques. It is extremely important when building relationships with people based on trust, to observe speech etiquette.
polite rules communication is based on such components as courtesy, respect, correctness, tact, courtesy. The desire to demonstrate your goodwill and emphasize the individuality of the opponent will help to avoid sharp moments. The main thing is to use linguistic formulas and techniques that are understandable for the social group.
It's done! Your boss has invited you to a dinner party. Finally you have the opportunity to see a lot there important people, and it is possible to find influential acquaintances. It would seem that you have nothing to worry about - in which hand to hold the fork and spoon, you have long learned how to behave at the table, too, and in general, you are prepared according to all the rules of etiquette. However, there is one caveat - your speech and ability to conduct small talk can leave a bad impression of you. The thing is that in the Russian language there is also etiquette, only speech.
Russian speech etiquette is the rules and norms of communication, formed under the influence of national culture. Their main principle is politeness and respect for the interlocutor. It is also worth remembering where and how to apply speech etiquette. AT different countries your rules of polite communication, however, if you are not abroad, you must follow the rules of treatment in Russian speech etiquette.
The main thing is that your speech should correspond to the situation in which the communication takes place. Two directions can be decisive in choosing the form of speech. First, the setting is formal or informal. Secondly, it matters to which person your speech is addressed. Here it is worth considering his gender, age, the degree of your acquaintance with the interlocutor, his personal merits and social status. It's also worth remembering who to greet first if you're meeting a lot of people you already know at a meeting. So who do you greet first?
- the man greets the woman first;
- if a woman is much younger than a man, then she is obliged to greet him first;
- the same goes for all other cases. If an older and a younger meet, the younger is always the first to greet the older;
- the junior in position also greets the senior in position;
- a member of a delegation is always the first to greet its leader;
Formulas of Russian speech etiquette
Features of Russian speech etiquette are certain words, phrases and set expressions. They are applied in three stages of a conversation: at the beginning of a conversation, or acquaintance, the main part of the conversation and the final part of the conversation. For competent interaction of all three stages, as well as for the use of norms and rules of communication, the formulas of Russian speech etiquette are used. Basic formulas, such as a polite greeting or gratitude, are learned from childhood. With age, speech etiquette acquires more and more subtleties. Consider speech formulas used in different situations:
1. Starting a conversation, greeting:
- health wishes: hello;
- use of meeting time: good afternoon, good evening;
- emotional greeting: very happy;
- a respectful greeting is my respect.
2. The main part of the conversation. The formulas of this part of the conversation are used depending on the event during which the communication takes place. This may be a festive meeting, or a sad event associated with the loss of loved ones or other unfortunate events. It also includes conversation in a normal everyday environment.
Forms of communication in a festive atmosphere are of two types - this is an invitation to the event itself and congratulations if you have already come to the holiday.
- Invitation: come, we will be glad, let me invite you, I invite you, can I invite you.
- Congratulations: I congratulate you with all my heart, accept our congratulations, let me congratulate you, we congratulate you on behalf of the team.
- Sad events. At events bearing a shade of sorrow and sadness, it is necessary to use forms expressing sympathy and condolences: accept my condolences, I offer you sincere condolences, I grieve with you, I heartily condole with you, let me express my deepest condolences, I sincerely sympathize with you, hold on.
- Everyday work environment. Communication with superiors and colleagues includes a lot of features of speech etiquette. It can be requests, compliments, advice and thanks. Also, in a working environment, one cannot do without refusals and consents to the requests of the interlocutor:
- advice: I would advise you, let me suggest to you, I would like to offer you, let me give you advice;
- request: if it does not complicate you, I earnestly ask you, do not take it for work, can I ask you;
- gratitude: thank you very much, I express my gratitude to you, let me thank you, I am very grateful to you;
- compliment: you are a great conversationalist, you look great, you are an excellent organizer;
- consent: ready to listen to you, please, do not mind, do as you see fit;
- refusal: I am forced to refuse you, I am unable to help you, I cannot fulfill your request.
3. End the conversation. Depending on how the conversation proceeded, parting with the interlocutor can take different forms.