The efficiency of an internal combustion engine - let's find out the efficiency in comparison. Efficiency of an internal combustion engine - let's find out the efficiency in comparison Saucepan and boiler
Probably, everyone wondered about the efficiency (Coefficient of Efficiency) of an internal combustion engine. After all, the higher this indicator, the more efficient the power unit works. The electric type is considered the most efficient at the moment, its efficiency can reach up to 90 - 95%, but for internal combustion engines, whether it be diesel or gasoline, to put it mildly, it is far from ideal ...
To be honest, then modern options motors are much more efficient than their counterparts, which were released 10 years ago, and there are a lot of reasons for this. Think for yourself before the 1.6-liter option, it gave out only 60 - 70 hp. And now this value can reach 130 - 150 hp. This is painstaking work increase in efficiency, in which each "step" is given by trial and error. However, let's start with a definition.
- this is the value of the ratio of two quantities, the power that is supplied to the crankshaft of the engine to the power received by the piston, due to the pressure of the gases that were formed by igniting the fuel.
In simple terms, this is the conversion of thermal or thermal energy that appears during the combustion of the fuel mixture (air and gasoline) into mechanical energy. It should be noted that this has already happened, for example, in steam power plants - also the fuel, under the influence of temperature, pushed the pistons of the units. However, the installations there were many times larger, and the fuel itself was solid (usually coal or firewood), which made it difficult to transport and operate it, it was constantly necessary to “feed” it into the furnace with shovels. Internal combustion engines are much more compact and lighter than steam engines, and fuel is much easier to store and transport.
More about losses
Looking ahead, we can confidently say that the efficiency of a gasoline engine is in the range of 20 to 25%. And there are many reasons for this. If we take the incoming fuel and recalculate it as a percentage, then we kind of get “100% of the energy” that is transferred to the engine, and then the losses went:
1)Fuel efficiency . Not all fuel burns out, a small part of it leaves with exhaust gases, at this level we already lose up to 25% of efficiency. Of course, now fuel systems are improving, an injector has appeared, but it is far from ideal.
2) The second is heat losses.and . The engine warms up itself and many other elements, such as radiators, its body, the liquid that circulates in it. Also, part of the heat goes away with the exhaust gases. For all this, up to 35% loss of efficiency.
3) The third is mechanical losses . ON all kinds of pistons, connecting rods, rings - all places where there is friction. This includes losses from the load of the generator, for example, the more electricity the generator produces, the more it slows down the rotation of the crankshaft. Of course, lubricants have also stepped forward, but again, no one has yet completely defeated friction - another 20% loss
Thus, in the dry residue, the efficiency is about 20%! Of course, there are stand-out options from gasoline options, in which this figure is increased to 25%, but there are not so many of them.
That is, if your car consumes 10 liters of fuel per 100 km, then only 2 liters of them will go directly to work, and the rest are losses!
Of course, you can increase the power, for example, by boring the head, we are watching a short video.
If you remember the formula, you get:
Which engine has the highest efficiency?
Now I want to talk about gasoline and diesel options, and find out which one is the most efficient.
To put it in simple terms, and not to go into the jungle of technical terms, then - if we compare two efficiencies - the most efficient of them, of course, is diesel, and here's why:
1) A gasoline engine converts only 25% of energy into mechanical energy, but a diesel engine converts about 40%.
2) If you equip the diesel type with a turbocharger, then you can achieve an efficiency of 50-53%, and this is very significant.
So why is it so effective? It's simple - despite the similar type of work (both are internal combustion units), a diesel engine does its job much more efficiently. It has greater compression, and the fuel ignites from a different principle. It heats up less, which means there is savings on cooling, it has fewer valves (savings on friction), and it also does not have ignition coils and spark plugs that are familiar to us, which means that additional energy costs are not required from the generator. It works at lower speeds, there is no need to crank the crankshaft wildly - all this makes the diesel version a champion in efficiency.
About Diesel Fuel Efficiency
From a higher value of the efficiency factor, fuel efficiency also follows. So, for example, a 1.6-liter engine can consume only 3-5 liters in the city, in contrast to the gasoline type, where the consumption is 7-12 liters. A diesel engine has a lot, the engine itself is often more compact and lighter, and also in recent times and more environmentally friendly. All these positive moments are achieved due to the greater value, there is a direct relationship between efficiency and compression, see a small plate.
Today we will tell you what efficiency (efficiency factor) is, how to calculate it, and where this concept is applied.
Man and machine
What unites a washing machine and a cannery? The desire of a person to relieve himself of the need to do everything on his own. Before invention steam engine people had only their muscles at their disposal. They did everything themselves: they plowed, sowed, cooked, caught fish, wove flax. To ensure survival during the long winter, each member of the peasant family worked daylight hours from the age of two until his death. The youngest children looked after the animals and were helping (bring, tell, call, take) the adults. The girl was first put behind a spinning wheel at the age of five! Even deep old people cut spoons, and the most elderly and infirm grandmothers sat at looms and spinning wheels, if their eyesight allowed. They had no time to think about what stars are and why they shine. People got tired: every day they had to go and work, regardless of the state of health, pain and morale. Naturally, a person wanted to find assistants who would at least slightly relieve his overworked shoulders.
funny and strange
by the most advanced technologies in those days there was a horse and a mill wheel. But they did only two or three times more work than a human. But the first inventors began to come up with devices that looked very strange. In the movie "The Story of Eternal Love", Leonardo da Vinci attached small boats to his feet to walk on water. This led to several funny incidents when the scientist plunged into the lake with his clothes on. Although this episode is just an invention of the screenwriter, such inventions probably looked like that - comical and funny.
19th century: iron and coal
But in the middle of the 19th century, everything changed. Scientists have realized the pressure force of expanding steam. The most important goods of that time were iron for the manufacture of boilers and coal for heating water in them. Scientists of that time had to understand what efficiency is in steam and gas physics, and how to increase it.
The formula for the coefficient in the general case is:
Work and warmth
Efficiency (abbreviated efficiency) is a dimensionless quantity. It is defined as a percentage and is calculated as the ratio of energy expended to useful work. The latter term is often used by mothers of negligent teenagers when they force them to do something around the house. But in fact, this is the real result of the effort expended. That is, if the efficiency of the machine is 20%, then it only converts one-fifth of the energy received into action. Now, when buying a car, the reader should not have a question about what engine efficiency is.
If the coefficient is calculated as a percentage, then the formula is:
η - efficiency, A - useful work, Q - expended energy.
Loss and reality
Surely all these arguments cause bewilderment. Why not invent a car that can use more fuel energy? Alas, the real world is not like that. At school, children solve problems in which there is no friction, all systems are closed, and the radiation is strictly monochromatic. Real engineers at manufacturing plants are forced to take into account the presence of all these factors. Consider, for example, what this coefficient is and what it consists of.
The formula in this case looks like this:
η \u003d (Q 1 -Q 2) / Q 1
In this case, Q 1 is the amount of heat that the engine received from heating, and Q 2 is the amount of heat that it gave up in environment(in the general case, this is called a refrigerator).
The fuel heats up and expands, the force pushes the piston, which drives the rotary element. But the fuel is contained in some vessel. When heated, it transfers heat to the walls of the vessel. This leads to energy losses. In order for the piston to descend, the gas must be cooled. To do this, part of it is released into the environment. And it would be good if the gas gave all the heat to useful work. But, alas, it cools very slowly, so more comes out hot steam. Part of the energy is spent on heating the air. The piston moves in a hollow metal cylinder. Its edges fit snugly against the walls; when moving, friction forces come into play. The piston heats the hollow cylinder, which also leads to a loss of energy. translational movement The rod up and down is transmitted to the torque through a series of joints that rub against each other and heat up, that is, part of the primary energy is also spent on this.
Of course, in factory machines, all surfaces are polished to the atomic level, all metals are strong and have the lowest thermal conductivity, and piston oil has the best properties. But in any engine, the energy of gasoline goes to heat parts, air and friction.
Saucepan and cauldron
Now we propose to understand what the efficiency of the boiler is, and what it consists of. Any housewife knows: if you leave water to boil in a saucepan under a closed lid, then either water will drip onto the stove, or the lid will “dance”. Any modern boiler is arranged in much the same way:
- heat heats a closed container full of water;
- water becomes superheated steam;
- when expanding, the gas-water mixture rotates turbines or moves pistons.
Just like in an engine, energy is lost to heat the boiler, pipes and friction of all joints, so no mechanism can have an efficiency equal to 100%.
The formula for machines that operate on the Carnot cycle looks like the general formula for a heat engine, only instead of the amount of heat - temperature.
η=(T 1 -T 2)/T 1 .
Space station
And if you put the mechanism in space? Free solar energy is available 24 hours a day, cooling of any gas is possible literally to 0 degrees Kelvin almost instantly. Maybe in space the efficiency of production would be higher? The answer is ambiguous: yes and no. All these factors could indeed significantly improve the transfer of energy to useful work. But delivering even a thousand tons to the desired height is still incredibly expensive. Even if such a factory operates for five hundred years, it will not pay back the cost of raising the equipment, which is why science fiction writers are so actively exploiting the idea of a space elevator - this would greatly simplify the task and make it commercially profitable to transfer factories into space.
Participation in tank battles "World Of Tanks" captures, plunging headlong into the atmosphere of heated battles. Over time, questions begin to arise:
- How do I know how well I play?
- What figures can tell about my achievements?
Then the time comes and the player learns about the existence efficiency statistics while learning the formulas and ways to improve them.
How to find out efficiency in World of Tanks
You must enter your game nickname in the form below and the efficiency calculator will calculate everything for you!
Description | Meaning |
---|---|
Number of fights: | |
Number of tanks: | |
Destroyed per battle: | 0 |
Damage per battle: | 0 |
Found per battle: | 0 |
Base defense points per battle: | 0 |
Base capture points per battle: | 0 |
Average level of tanks: | 0 |
Win percentage: | 0 |
Efficiency Efficiency Rating: | 0 |
The formula used in calculating the efficiency
When calculating the efficiency, the formula of the Performance Rating is used, because. She is one of the most popularwhere:
- R is efficiency and it depends on six parameters of the player:
- K - the average number of destroyed tanks;
- L - the average level of the player's tank;
- D dmg - average damage dealt;
- S is the average number of detected tanks;
- D def is the average number of base defense points;
- C - the average number of base capture points.
How it works?
User efficiency is remembered. Thus, you can follow the dynamics of changes in the Performance Rating (RE). In order to see the changes in RE, you need to play a few fights and re-enter your nickname.Change in efficiency in plus or minus. The countdown starts from the last RE check:
It is also possible to view the entire history of efficiency changes in the form of a graph:
Useful information
Count yourself? Well, I do not!
Count each time, enter new data into the formula? - It's not required. In order to determine your efficiency, you need to enter a game nickname in the form (above), start the data download process and wait for the result. In the same place, they will explain in detail what and how to do in order to raise the value of this indicator. Ways exist honest and not very. Although open cheating is punishable by a ban (permanent).
There are many varieties of this program. world of tanks efficiency calculator can show not only your coefficient, but also calculate how many fights are left before the required percentage of wins. And not victorious battles, but games in the style inherent in you.
A look into the future or a funny-named device.
You always want to predict what the fight will be like. Who will be your opponent - a seasoned tank ace or a "green" player on stock vehicles. To do this, you need to install a special mod "", with which you can find out the efficiency without leaving the battle.
For those who have already played, the name "deer meter" speaks for itself. The uninitiated need to be explained that in the game, "deer" are called players who do not shine with success. At the very beginning, when the loading table appears, several numbers appear in front of each player. They show: the percentage of victories, the value of efficiency, the total number of fights. During the download, you can choose potential “victims” for yourself, and remember who it is desirable to stay away from. It also provides general data on the chances of winning by analyzing the players and comparing the vehicles involved in the battle.
Don't get hung up on numbers
I want to note right away that these indicators are relative. world of tanks player efficiency may be artificially high. Or vice versa, it does not reflect the real combat qualities of the player. How can it be? You can improve your coefficient well and bring zero benefit to the team (break into the enemy’s “spawn”, “light up” everyone and die courageously). The allies at this time did not have time to do anything. The "strands" had just begun to advance into positions, and the "art" had not even "reduced" to this square. The situation is the opposite. Huge benefit to the team in battle. He shot down the "harp" of the enemy, held back the advance of the whole group, preventing the enemy from deploying battle formation. Transmitted the coordinates of the self-propelled guns. According to the results of the battle - low efficiency.Chance to win
It happens that a team that has no chance of winning (the data of the "deer meter") wins in a matter of minutes. Sometimes the low numbers of the players on the opposite team are relaxing. Everyone understands that victory is in your pocket. And they successfully lose.How to increase efficiency?
Why not use some tricks to your advantage to raise your score and scare others with high data.Boosting Factors
Greatly increase the effectiveness rating points for knocking down and capturing the base. So, it must be used in combat. Moreover, if you embarked on a capture on a heavy tank of level 8 and above, this will greatly increase your efficiency.Reducing Factors
It is not recommended to use artillery:- No capture points, knockdowns;
- Not very high damage numbers;
- Low level of technology.
Combat options to increase efficiency
- Act according to the principle "Our shooter managed to do everything." Rush, help your friends, kill strangers, inflict maximum damage. A significant figure of efficiency, the sea of "fan".
- Modestly "squeeze sideways" to the enemy base, stand up for capture. As a result, we get a large amount of efficiency, a well-played game and victory over the enemy. But on the condition that you survived and almost single-handedly captured someone else's base.
Among the many characteristics of various mechanisms in the car, the decisive factor is Efficiency of an internal combustion engine. In order to find out the essence of this concept, you need to know exactly what a classic internal combustion engine is.
The efficiency of an internal combustion engine - what is it?
First of all, the motor converts the thermal energy that occurs during the combustion of fuel into a certain amount of mechanical work. Unlike steam engines, these engines are lighter and more compact. They are much more economical and consume strictly defined liquid and gaseous fuels. Thus, the efficiency of modern engines is calculated based on their technical characteristics and other indicators.
Efficiency (coefficient of performance) is the ratio of the power actually transmitted to the engine shaft to the power received by the piston due to the action of gases. If we compare the efficiency of engines of different power, we can establish that this value for each of them has its own characteristics.
Both engines, despite the similarity of design, have different kinds mixture formation. Therefore, the pistons of the carburetor engine operate at more high temperatures requiring high-quality cooling. Because of this thermal energy, which could turn into mechanical, is dissipated to no avail, lowering the overall efficiency value.
However, in order to increase the efficiency of a gasoline engine, certain measures are taken. For example, two intake and exhaust valves can be installed per cylinder, instead of one intake and one exhaust valve. In addition, some engines have a separate ignition coil for each spark plug. Throttle control in many cases is carried out with the help of an electric drive, and not with an ordinary cable.
Diesel engine efficiency – noticeable efficiency
Diesel is one of the varieties of internal combustion engines, in which the ignition of the working mixture is carried out as a result of compression. Therefore, the air pressure in the cylinder is much higher than that of a gasoline engine. Comparing the efficiency of a diesel engine with the efficiency of other designs, one can note its highest efficiency.
In the presence of low speeds and a large displacement, the efficiency index can exceed 50%.
Attention should be paid to the relatively low consumption of diesel fuel and the low content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. Thus, the value of the efficiency of an internal combustion engine depends entirely on its type and design. In many vehicles, low efficiency is offset by various improvements to improve overall performance. specifications.
Efficiency is a characteristic of the efficiency of a device or machine. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful energy at the output of the system to total number energy supplied to the system. Efficiency is dimensionless and is often expressed as a percentage.
Formula 1 - efficiency
Where- A useful work
—Q the total work that was spent
Any system that performs any work must receive energy from the outside, with the help of which the work will be done. Take, for example, a voltage transformer. A mains voltage of 220 volts is applied to the input, 12 volts are removed from the output to power, for example, an incandescent lamp. So the transformer converts the energy at the input to the required value at which the lamp will work.
But not all the energy taken from the network will go to the lamp, since there are losses in the transformer. For example, the loss of magnetic energy in the core of a transformer. Or losses in the active resistance of the windings. Where electrical energy will be converted into heat without reaching the consumer. This thermal energy in this system is useless.
Since power losses cannot be avoided in any system, the efficiency is always below unity.
Efficiency can be considered as for the entire system, consisting of many separate parts. So to determine the efficiency for each part separately, then the total efficiency will be equal to the product of the efficiency of all its elements.
In conclusion, we can say that the efficiency determines the level of perfection of any device in the sense of transferring or converting energy. It also indicates how much energy supplied to the system is spent on useful work.