Laying of internal sewerage in a private house. Laying external sewerage in a private house: rules for installing a house sewer network
Water supply and sewerage have long been a familiar accompaniment Everyday life person. Naturally, both in a private house and in a country house, we strive to provide ourselves with a level of domestic comfort at the level of a city apartment. But if in the city we use the communal benefits that special services have built and service for us, then in our suburban area, laying sewers is the concern of each owner personally.
To ensure the reliable functioning of this vital important system, it is necessary to observe a number of fairly simple rules for laying an autonomous sewer. Try to comply with the recommendations and norms of SanPiN and SNiP as much as possible, this will help you avoid trouble later during operation. Knowing how to do it right autonomous sewerage in a private house, will help with the arrangement on their own and with the control of hired workers.
The sewage network system of any house, regardless of area or number of storeys, can be divided into several blocks:
- Plumbing equipment;
- Internal sewerage;
- External sewerage;
- septic device.
In accordance with the number and location of plumbing in the house - sinks, showers, toilets - the need for pipes and fittings, their parameters and the sequence of connection are determined. All this will subsequently form a block of internal sewerage in the house. At the same stage, it is determined how many pipes and fittings are needed for the outer part of the work. In the event that a direct sewer is carried out in a private house difficult, revision fittings should be built in at the corners. In these places it is necessary to equip revision sewer wells.
Arrangement of internal drain networks
For internal networks, it is better to use PVC pipes. In addition to purely technical advantages, low weight and ease of connection, they have a very significant advantage - their price is an order of magnitude lower than that of the same cast iron or steel. Laying sewer with PVC pipes will help save impressive money. To connect the plumbing equipment installed in the house, as well as for the riser and the horizontal section of the internal networks, you need to use pipes different diameters. The optimal characteristics of pipes and distances from devices to the connection point with a riser or horizontal section of networks are presented in the table:
Device installed in the house | Distance from the riser to the siphon of the device, m. | pipe Ø, mm. |
Main drain (riser and horizontal section) | 100-110 | |
Toilet | 0,1 – 0,6 | 100-110 |
Sink | 0,8 – 1,5 | 30-40 |
Bath (shower) | 1,0 – 1,3 | 40-50 |
Washing | 1,2 – 1,5 | 30-40 |
Bidet | 0,5 – 1,0 | 30-40 |
Combined unit (bath or shower + sink and bidet) | 1,5 – 2,3 | 50-65 |
The laying of sewerage in the house should be carried out in compliance with the slope within 1.5-2 cm per linear meter. This slope contributes to the maximum removal of solid fractions. If the slope is less, the flow will be “lazy”, which increases the risk of network clogging. A larger slope also contributes to the accumulation of sediment in the pipes, since the outgoing water flow too quickly will not be able to completely wash out the solid fractions.
In order to avoid sagging and deformation of the pipes laid in the house, they must be rigidly fixed with plumbing clamps every 60–90 cm. When connecting, it is advisable to treat the pipe joints with glycerin or grease, this will protect the rubber seals from premature wear. From the highest point of the riser, it is necessary to bring the vent pipe outside the premises. As a rule, such a conclusion is made on the roof, with the pipe protruding 40-70 cm above the roof.
When arranging turns of the horizontal part of the drain networks, right angles should be avoided; it is better to use a connection of two fittings with an angle of rotation of 45 °. It is also desirable to use fittings for connecting devices with an angle other than a straight one. At the same time, they must be mounted so that the flow from the connected device enters the main drain not towards the direction of the drain.
Briefly about the septic tank
The second stage of the device of autonomous sewer networks country house is the installation of a septic tank and the preparation of a trench for outdoor sewer pipe. A lot of materials are devoted to this topic on our website, so we will limit ourselves to a brief listing of the most important points:
- The septic tank should be located below the house, taking into account the natural slope of the site;
- The septic tank should be located no closer than 10 meters from the water intake point and 3 meters from the neighboring site;
- The distance from the septic tank to the house must be maintained at least 2, but not more than 20 meters;
- The installation depth is selected based on the planned depth of laying the incoming sewer pipe;
- The septic tank must be provided with easy access to the sewage machine.
Street section of the sewer
With seeming simplicity, this is no less responsible area.
The trench for laying the external sewage system must be prepared so that the slope does not exceed 1.5-3 cm per linear meter of pipe. For external sewage, a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm must be used. In the case of using PVC pipes, you should take special ones, orange in color, designed to work in the ground and conditions of significant temperature differences.
The prepared pipes are laid in a trench with a socket to the house. The connection of PVC pipes is made with pre-treatment of the joints with liquid soap, glycerin or grease.
In order to avoid problems with the sewer system of a country house, when laying its street part, it is necessary to comply with a number of sanitary and building standards. Installation work can be entrusted to professionals or done by hand. If the second option is chosen, then before starting the installation of an external sewage system, you should read the advice of experienced plumbers, otherwise correcting the mistakes made will result in a considerable waste of money and nerves.
The entire sewer system of a private house is divided into internal and external parts. The intra-house component collects wastewater from plumbing fixtures and supplies them to a single riser, which is connected to the outdoor part of the drainage system.
General sewerage scheme of a private house
The main task of external sewage networks is the transportation of wastewater to the place of disposal and the disposal itself (in the case of an autonomous septic tank). They are made up of pipes and treatment facilities.
You can get rid of the collected sewage by:
- connections to a centralized system (if any);
- arrangement of an individual septic tank or cesspool.
In the first case, it is enough to lay pipes and equip a sewer well. And in the second, in addition to installing external sewer networks, you will need to install a local treatment system.
Important! According to sanitary standards, wastewater must be disposed of in such a way that there is no pollution of aquifers and the surrounding area. There are significant fines for non-compliance with these requirements.
Scheme of connecting the cottage to the centralized sewer network
For a private house, one of four methods of individual wastewater treatment is suitable:
- Cesspool - inexpensive, but not very convenient.
- Septic storage tank - you will have to constantly invite vacuum cleaners.
- A two-chamber septic tank with post-treatment - in the first chamber, heavy fractions settle, and in the second, treated water is drained into the ground.
- Biological treatment plant - special microorganisms are used to decompose sewage.
The first option is the cheapest and the last is the most expensive. But in any case, they will have to lay an external sewage pipeline.
Design and material selection
Regulatory Requirements
Before starting the installation of an external sewage system with your own hands, it is necessary to prepare its project. There are certain requirements for laying pipes and the location of the septic tank.
When developing a project, you will have to consider:
- relief of the local area;
- distance to drinking wells and reservoirs;
- general climatic conditions;
- the number of people living in the cottage (average daily volume of effluents);
- soil characteristics (composition, groundwater level, freezing depth);
- technical conditions for connecting to a centralized system or the need to organize an entrance for sewage equipment for pumping out sewage.
All these requirements are spelled out in the codes of practice “Sewerage. External networks…” (SP 32.13330.2012) and “Single-apartment residential houses…” (SP 55.13330.2011), which replaced the SNiPs of the same name.
During installation autonomous system cleaning will not have to collect a bunch of permits and then pay for utilities. But you will constantly need to monitor the condition of your septic tank and, if necessary, call the sewers.
Important! The entire sewerage system of a private house is built on the principle of gravity sewage. Installation of horizontal sections of sewer pipes outside the cottage should be done with a slope towards the treatment system.
Optimal slope for street sewer pipes
A slight slope of the pipeline ensures the gravity flow of sewage. Do not tilt it too much, as this can lead to blockages of solid fractions at the entrance to the sump. The optimal slope depends largely on the diameter of the pipe:
- D500 mm - slope 30 mm / running meter.
- D1000–1100 mm - slope 20 mm / running meter.
- D1600 mm - slope 8 mm / running meter.
Mistakes made in the course of designing and laying external sewage networks will lead not only to permanent blockages, but also to poisoning of sources drinking water faecal waste. Therefore, it is so important to follow SNiPs at all stages of creating sewers.
What pipes are used for the external line
Building regulations for the installation of external sewerage are allowed to use pipes from:
- become;
- cast iron;
- asbestos cement;
- polymers;
- ceramics.
Steel pipes are subject to corrosion, they are rarely used. Cast iron is a classic, but due to its internal roughness, pipelines made from it are prone to silting. Gradually they are replaced by other materials.
Asbestos cement is cheap and not subject to corrosion, but is inferior in terms of durability to high-quality plastic. Ceramic products have the largest resource of strength and reliability, but they are also the most expensive. The best choice in terms of parameters is plastic.
Plastic pipes are easily connected by docking
plastic pipes for outdoor network sewers can be:
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- Polypropylene (PP).
- Polyethylene low pressure(PND).
All of them are suitable for laying a sewer pipeline outside a private house. For their installation, you can use special glue or cold welding technology. But it is much easier to pick up products with a socket at the end, and mount the line by inserting one pipe into another.
Advice! PVC pipes at temperatures below -15 C may crack. They must be carefully insulated.
Installation technology of the house sewer network
In a private house, the laying of external sewage usually begins after the construction of walls and roofing. To do this, a trench is dug to the septic tank, and pipes are laid there.
The boundaries of the depths of soil freezing in Russia
The depth of laying depends on the level of freezing of the ground on the plot. To prevent the sewer pipe from freezing, during installation it must be placed below the freezing point of the soil. It has its own for each locality.
In "cold" areas, instead of digging deep trenches, the sewer line is insulated. For this, moisture-resistant insulation and / or heating cables are used.
Heating cable fastening technology
The laying of the external sewerage network is as follows:
- A trench is dug from the house to the septic tank, a pillow of sand 10–15 cm thick is compacted at its bottom.
- The pipeline is laid with a slope from the building.
- The pipe is insulated and the heating cable is installed.
- Implemented backfilling trenches.
Important! The sewer pipe laid in the trench must not have sagging. Before backfilling, you must make sure of this, otherwise the blockage will be provided.
Often, a footpath or a parking lot for a car is arranged on top of the sewer pipe. In this case, the laying of external sewerage is carried out in a "case". If the soil above the pipeline is periodically subjected to mechanical stress, the pipe must be protected. The figure below shows one of the options for such a case.
Sewer pipe in a case
The pipe (7) is wrapped with support rings (6), sealant (3 and 4) and closed with a case (5). At its ends, docking nodes are formed from clamps (1) and cuffs (2). Only such protection can guarantee the durability of the sewer pipeline.
And finally, upon completion of installation work and before filling the pipeline with soil, it must be tested. A test run of water will allow you to check the tightness of the structure and the correct installation.
Video: laying sewer pipes of a country house
Design and installation of external networks sewer system a private house is strictly regulated by building codes. If you grossly violate these rules, both problems with the operation of the sewerage system and negative impacts on nature. Even a beginner is able to cope with installation work. But when preparing a project, it is better to consult with a competent engineer.
Pipe laying
When the question arises of conducting, laying it, or rather, the laying scheme comes out on top. Experts unanimously argue that this process is not very complicated, and any man can perform it. But practice shows that even this simple process has its pitfalls, and their ignorance can lead to sad consequences. The most frustrating thing is that after all the fairly large expenses, your sewer system simply will not work.
So what are you supposed to do? Don't give up. In this article, we will help you deal with all the nuances, and you will understand that building a sewer in a private house is quite a feasible task. We will try to tell you about all the stages of construction and what you need to pay attention to first.
So, at the very beginning, it should be noted that the entire sewer system from plumbing fixtures to a septic tank is divided into two parts - internal and external. They are interconnected, but their construction takes place separately from each other. And first of all, they build an internal sewerage system.
Internal sewerage of a private house
The scheme of the sewer system in the house is quite simple. It is necessary to accurately determine the location of each plumbing fixture. It is from them towards the outlet of the sewer pipe that the installation will be directed. Ideally, if the circuit has a visible drawing or design. It can be part of a whole house project or a sketch made by yourself.
According to the drawing, you can determine the length of the pipeline, which means that you can calculate the required number of pipes. It is also easy to calculate the number of fittings - bends, tees, crosses, couplings, fasteners and other things. All this is purchased with a small margin.
Variant of the internal type of sewerage
Now we can move on to preparation. To do this, you need to choose the method of laying the pipe itself. There are two options - open and hidden.
In the first case, the pipeline is laid along the floor or along the wall. In the second, the pipe is hidden from view either under the floor or inside the walls, for which you will have to ditch the latter.
Please note that when conducting an internal sewer system, the laying of water supply and sewerage takes place in one strobe. Plumbing at the top and sewerage at the bottom. It's convenient in every way. Firstly, the volume of installation work and the time for their production are reduced. And, secondly, a smaller amount of materials is required to seal the strobe.
And a few more small nuances. They must be taken into account when laying sewers in the house:
- Since this system is self-flowing, it is necessary to accurately maintain the angle of inclination of the pipeline during the installation of pipes. If pipes with a diameter of 50-80 millimeters are used, then the slope should be 2 centimeters per 1 meter of the length of the sewer pipe. If the diameter of the pipes is 80-100 millimeters, then you will have to maintain a slope of 3 centimeters.
- The toilet bowl with the riser is connected only by a pipe with a diameter of 100 millimeters
- Grease traps must be installed near the drain pipes for the sewerage of the sink in the kitchen and near the dishwasher.
- If your house has several floors, then choose a pipe with a diameter of 100-110 millimeters for the riser. Be sure to install hatches on the riser to clean the pipe.
- Ideal if there is only one in the house sewer riser to which all branches of the internal sewer system will be connected.
- The outlet of the sewer pipeline from the house is determined by the installation site of the prefabricated well, which is built at the lowest point of the site. The conclusion must be made in that wall, which is located closer to the well.
External sewerage of a private house
Scheme of external sewerage in a private
So, the internal sewerage of a country house is completed, and the pipe is brought out. Now you can start building the external network.
Experts recommend that the sewer line be straight from the house to the collection well. If the site has not yet been built up with outbuildings, and the landscape has not been landscaped, then use the scheme proposed by the masters. In the event that there are any obstacles to the sewerage, it will be necessary to arrange it with branches and branches.
The only condition that must be exactly maintained is the angle of inclination. He, as in the case of internal system, should be located in the range of 2-3 centimeters per 1 meter of the length of the sewer pipe. Why is this angle chosen?
The matter is that drains and sewage are, basically, water. If the angle of inclination is less than necessary, then large suspended particles will simply get stuck inside the pipe. If the angle is larger, then the particles will also get stuck, but because the water will quickly sweep along the slope and will not be able to pull them along. The speed of its movement is greater than the speed of the particles.
Sewerage piping layout in the basement of a section of a residential building
As you can see, it is not a problem to carry out sewerage in the country on your own. It is necessary to correctly draw up a pipe layout diagram and carry out installation work, taking into account the nuances that were discussed above. It is very important not to rush in this process. Everything must be done carefully, accurately maintaining the stages of construction.
Almost all suburban developers who build a house with their own hands save on the process itself. You can't do this with a sewer. It is being built underground, and the likelihood that flower beds, flower beds, and small buildings will be erected at the venue is high. And if this system does not work well or does not work at all, then it will have to be redone. Do you need it?
And one more point, which concerns the economic side. Sometimes it happens that joint wiring of water supply and sewerage is possible. This is definitely worth taking advantage of. And if inside the house this is a common thing, then this does not always happen with the external system.
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