Choosing the diameter of plastic pipes for sewerage
Of course, in a modern home without a well-equipped sewer system nowhere today. And in any case, it will not be superfluous to find out at least in general terms: the sewerage of the connection scheme - what they can be. After all, it is one thing to trust the will of the plumbers and quite another to be able to fix everything on your own if something happens.
What general principles should be followed
Despite the fact that there are a lot of schemes for arranging the sewer system, there are some general principles that can be guided.
Sewerage - component water supply and drainage systems designed to remove solid and liquid waste products
As a rule, in a private house, the sewerage system consists of:
- Central riser;
- smaller diameter: all wastewater enters the riser through them;
- Horizontally located pipes of larger diameter: through them water flows directly into the sewer, treatment facilities etc.;
- Elements of sanitary equipment: sink, toilet bowl, bidet, etc.
Traditionally, the kitchen and bathrooms are located in close proximity to each other. This is done in order to minimize the number of joints, pipes to the maximum possible minimum, in order to facilitate the withdrawal of waste water into the system. After all, it is the bathroom and kitchen that account for up to 90 percent of all wastewater.
If we are talking about a multi-storey building, then it makes sense to arrange bathrooms, toilet rooms and kitchens under each other. In this case, it will be possible to place all plumbing fixtures simply on top of each other, thereby simplifying the sewer construction scheme as much as possible.
Important! If the house has a complex system of plumbing equipment, as well as a large number of various branches, then you should think about installing a special sewer pump. This pump may also be required if, for example, it is not possible to provide the sewer pipes with the necessary natural slope.
What you need to consider when drawing up a sewerage connection diagram
In fact, there can be quite a few factors that can affect the drawing up of a sewer connection scheme.
Sewerage is a complex of engineering structures and sanitary measures that ensure the collection and disposal of polluted waters outside populated areas, as well as their purification and neutralization before disposal.
But in any case, you will have to take into account the following:
- Landscaping features of the site on which the sewer is being equipped. At the same time, it is important that the natural slope of the pipes is ensured. The cesspool should be at the lowest point of the system. Then the wastewater will be able to flow down by gravity - under the influence of gravity;
- Soil type: sandy, clay, etc. This will determine how deep the sewer pipes will have to be placed, how laborious the process of digging the trench will be, and whether it will be necessary to further strengthen the soil;
- Depth of soil freezing. This parameter will affect the nature of the organization of the insulation of the sewer system, the choice of pipe materials, etc.
Of course, you will also have to take into account other individual characteristics of this particular area.
Which pipe material to choose
If in former times the craftsmen were not spoiled by the abundance of all kinds of materials from which sewer pipes could be purchased, now the picture is just the opposite. However, it is the huge wealth of choice that determines its complexity. However, we can safely recommend or polyvinyl chloride. Pipes made from these materials are distinguished by both low weight and resistance to corrosion. In addition, such pipes are easy to install: they do not require the use of a welding machine to fasten them. In principle, even the most novice master can quite easily cope with their installation.
PVC pipes are polyvinyl chloride products designed for the installation of pipelines for various purposes.
You should not be afraid that during the operation of PVC pipes they will begin to release aggressive chemicals: they are completely non-toxic.
However, in addition to pipes, additional devices may be needed in the form of fittings, sewer hatches, connecting rings, adapters, etc. The joints of all these devices will need to be treated with a special sealant.
When choosing the diameter of pipes for sewerage, several factors must be guided. For example, this is the number of plumbing points connected to the sewer. The more of them - so, accordingly, it will be necessary to choose pipes of a larger diameter. Otherwise, the whole system will simply “choke”, unable to cope with the volume of water.
But one way or another, the diameter of the pipe passing from the plumbing fixture must be either greater than or equal to the diameter of its drain pipe. The diameter of the pipe for the riser must be at least 10 centimeters. If you do not plan to connect a toilet bowl to it, then you can limit yourself to a diameter of 5 centimeters.
The more plumbing points in the building, the thicker the drain pipes should be.
At the same time, the following rule must be observed: the length of the pipe leading from the plumbing equipment to the riser should not be more than 3 meters. As for the toilet, this distance is reduced to one meter. If it is absolutely necessary to increase this distance, then you will have to take pipes with a larger diameter.
The Importance of Preplanning
Before proceeding directly to the installation of the sewer, you need to draw up on paper a preliminary detailed diagram of it. In this case, it is necessary to indicate which pipes of what material, what length and what diameter will be needed in a particular section of the system. All necessary additional devices in the form of splitters, adapters, etc. are also indicated. In the future, this will avoid many unforeseen difficulties during the installation work.
As practice shows, in the vast majority of cases, all plumbing fixtures are brought to one central riser. But, if there are many such devices, or they are spaced apart different rooms, which are far apart from each other, then more such risers will be required.
A properly drawn up sewerage plan will allow you to qualitatively recreate the system, taking into account all the necessary factors.
If the sewerage is equipped in a private house, then the external sewerage scheme should also be included in the plan. Indeed, in addition to the elements internal sewerage, it will also be necessary to provide for the arrangement of a drain pit, trenches, manholes, etc.
Sewerage connection according to the scheme
As soon as the project is ready, you can proceed directly to the installation work at the facility. A typical scheme for a private house will include:
- sewer riser;
- Toilet, washbasin or sink, as well as a bathroom;
- Siphons for all these plumbing fixtures;
- Flush tank for the toilet;
- Attaching couplings to the wall;
- Connecting pipes running at some slope to the riser.
Of course, if necessary, this scheme can be changed at your discretion, but the typical picture looks like this.
A siphon is an element of plumbing. It is a pipe bent in several places, through which water is drained into the sewer system.
The sewer riser is connected to the pipes using horizontal pipes of the same or even larger diameter than the riser. Pipes can be placed in the basement, in the basement or under the floor. It is also necessary to provide for the presence of revision wells, which are required at the places where the pipes turn.
All pipes of the system must be connected into one single pipe of large diameter, which, in turn, is removed from the house and docked with the external sewer system. Sewer pipes are attached to the walls with special clamps.
Options for tapping the sewer system of the house into the central system
If there is already a centralized sewer system outside the house, then there are several options for how you can join it:
- Insertion with a tee;
- Insertion with adapter.
In the first case, you will need to cut a piece of the main pipe and build a tee into it. The tee itself is fixed on the pipe with the help of a coupling, then all joints are welded.
More modern version can be considered a special adapter. It also crashes into the main pipe.
A pipe tee is a piece with three gaps that connects the components of the pipeline and is installed at the points of its branching.
In any case, it will be necessary to block the central sewerage and, of course, obtain permission to carry out mortise work. Otherwise, you can not avoid a rather large fine. The law even provides for imprisonment in case of unauthorized connection to the central sewer.
What the experts say
Vladimir, service company employee: Many people forget to get written permission from their neighbors before starting work. In the future, this can turn into many difficulties and conflicts. So in any case, it is better to take care of their consent to sewerage in advance. As for the magnitude of the slope of the pipe, the rule works here: for each meter of the pipe, the change in height should be from 2 to 15 centimeters.
Anton: All plumbing fixtures should be equipped with S-shaped or U-shaped siphons, which would provide a natural water seal for unpleasant odors that could enter the house from the sewer.
Outcome
In principle, summing up the sewer on your own is not such a difficult task. It is facilitated by the fact that in the vast majority of cases you can follow standard connection diagrams. But, faced with unforeseen difficulties, do not be shy to ask for help from qualified craftsmen.
The sewerage system is important element any high-rise building, therefore, all its elements must be installed reliably and efficiently. sewer riser in high-rise building It is best to mount with the help of specialists. However, it is also possible to install a riser yourself, but for this you need to stock up on knowledge and gain some experience in construction.
Rules for installing a sewer riser in a multi-storey building
The sewer riser in a multi-storey building must be installed in strict accordance with the project. At the installation site, it is necessary to mark the line of the structure, and then you need to make several horizontal marks to ensure the slope of the branch networks.Next, the structure must be assembled, after which the positions of the clamps that fix the pipes to the walls are marked. When the location of the clamps is marked, holes for the dowels are drilled in the wall, and the clamps are immediately installed (you can use a plumb line to control the position of the hole). When the pipes are fixed, the clamps are fixed with screws.
In general, compliance with the level must be carefully monitored, for which the building level is used. In addition, it is important to remember that sewage is not installed in the underground space, above the ceiling, in the walls of residential premises, ventilation chambers and transformers. It is also necessary to ensure that the dimensions of all elements are appropriate, for example, the diameter of the sewer riser when replacing must correspond to the previous element (read: "").
The sewer riser can be installed in the bathroom. As a rule, it is mounted there, hiding the structure behind the toilet. In addition, the repair of the sewer riser in this case will be somewhat easier to perform. When installing the riser, it is necessary to leave a small gap between the back wall of the room and the pipe, so that in the future its socket can be sealed. That is, the central axis of a 110 mm riser should be 75 mm away from the wall, and for 50 mm pipes this distance will be 45 mm. In addition, when replacing the structure, the installation height of the revision on the sewer riser must correspond to the previous level. See also: "".
Plastic sewer pipes can be masked by concreted directly into the wall. Adhesive tape is used to seal the gap between the socket and the socket. If necessary, thick paper can be used to prevent the solution from entering this space.
A properly installed sewer riser in a multi-storey building practically does not make noise: during operation, the noise from the wall does not exceed 35 dB. For high-quality sound insulation, it is necessary to cover the wall with a layer of plaster of at least 20 mm (read also: ""). Before changing the sewer riser in the toilet, it is advisable to wrap the fittings and pipes in a soft material.
In the place where the pipe passes through the ceiling, it is necessary to provide this area with a sufficient level of sound absorption and moisture resistance. In addition, the system must be fireproof. The places where pipes pass through the ceilings must be concreted over the entire thickness.
The part of the structure located 10 cm above the ceiling must be treated with a 3 cm layer of cement mortar. To prevent the spread of fire in the event of a fire through the pipeline, it is necessary to use special fire-fighting devices. The scheme of their work looks like this: heating increases the volume of these barriers, as a result of which they become an insurmountable barrier to fire, so it cannot get into another room.
It is necessary to collect the sewer system, starting from the lower levels - the basement or the first floor. During assembly, each assembled part must be installed immediately and finally, and the connection to the pipeline and the termination of the sockets must also be carried out at this stage.
The bells should point upwards. A meter from the floor on each riser should be a revision that allows you to clean the structure in case of clogging. Fixing the risers to the walls is carried out directly under the sockets. With a height of one floor up to 4 meters, you can put one mount on each floor.
sewer riser in apartment building must be made from pipes of the same diameter. You can determine the diameter of the sewer riser and other dimensions by performing calculations that take into account the estimated volume of drains and the angle of connection of apartment pipelines (read also: ""). Since this type of sewage refers to household, it must be equipped with a ventilation system. The ventilation outlet is usually directed upwards from a shaft specially designated for the system or mounted on the roof.
The operation of ventilation in the case of a riser is provided by the pressure that occurs in the inside of the sewer and ventilation system (more: ""). Polluted air is pushed out by gravitational pressure into the atmosphere, and oxygen is accessed through manholes, which are leaky.
The exhaust ventilation element should be removed as far as possible from windows and balconies: the minimum distance according to the standards is 4 meters. In addition, sewer ventilation should never be combined with a chimney. The dimensions of the discharge channel of the riser and the dimensions of the exhaust pipe must match. Often you can find a design in which the role of ventilation is played by drain valves.
There are situations when the installation of a sewer riser is not accompanied by the arrangement of ventilation. Of course, to create such a system, a very accurate and verified project is required, but if it is drawn up correctly, these costs will pay off by reducing the cost of installing sewers.
When laying a water supply and sewerage system through one shaft, the sewer riser is located in the corner, and the water pipe is mounted near it. When installing a riser in a room where the pipe may be damaged, the installation site must be protected.
How to change the sewer riser, given its diameter
Before you replace the tee in the sewer riser, or change the riser itself, you need to make sure that this work is necessary. Replacing the sewer riser can be performed if there are one or more leaks, numerous cracks and chips, rotten areas, etc. In addition, sometimes it is necessary to change the design if the sewer riser is clogged, and not for the first time.If there are no such signs, then the riser does not need to be replaced. In addition, it is important to know that cast-iron risers can work for a very long time, and during normal operation, there is simply no point in replacing them with plastic elements.
If there are weighty arguments for replacing the riser, it is necessary to prepare for work, which will require the following materials and fixtures:
- Plastic tee.
- Two matching pipes.
- Compensator.
- Adapter for connecting pipes without sockets.
- Clamps that allow you to fix the sewer riser on the wall.
- Plastic outlets.
- Revision of the sewer riser (if this element was present in the old design).
- Plaster.
- Silicone sealant.
- Rubber seals.
- Bulgarian and a set of cutting discs.
- Protective glasses.
- Screwdriver Set.
- Ladder.
- Bucket.
- Chisel.
Next, the most problematic operation begins - removing the tee from the bottom of the structure. If the device staggers after removing part of the pipe, then there will be no particular problems, and the tee will be removed without problems. In the absence of such assistance, the tee is cut out by a grinder, but the lower socket is left unchanged. Despite the apparent simplicity, the whole operation takes about an hour.
After removing the tee, it is necessary to clean out all the dirt and remove interfering elements, after which a new riser is installed (more on this can be found in the article on installing a sewer riser). This completes the repair work, and the question “how to clean the sewer riser?” will not disturb the owners of the apartment for a very long time.
Conclusion
The sewer riser in a multi-storey building plays an important role and provides many consumers with sewerage. If the riser is installed correctly, then its service life will be very long. Quality repair of the sewer riser or its replacement can also give very good results.
If you are building a house or doing renovations, you definitely need to carry out or check the sewer network. The basis of the system is a sewer riser, which collects and removes drains from the apartment. The diameter of the pipes of the riser is selected based on all engineering communications.
The main characteristic of pipes
Currently, plastic pipes are usually installed. Their main indicators, in addition to the material of manufacture, is the diameter. Also, when designing, various connecting parts, turn signals and adapters are selected.
Various diameters plastic pipes for sewerage
All plumbing equipment is connected to sewer pipe outlets, which have a certain cross section. It also depends on the location of the system.
The diameter of plastic sewer pipes, as the main characteristic, is also considered depending on the thickness of the walls of the pipeline. Usually, the diameter, both internal and external, as well as the wall thickness, is chosen based on building rules and regulations. Based on what size the internal section will have, the ability to pass a liquid with a different amount of solid impurities depends.
Currently, pipes found on the domestic market are designated in millimeters or inches. This is due to the fact that there are different size standards in the world. Since pipe manufacturers are both Russian companies and foreign ones, the latter adhere to the norms and rules that are adopted by them.
There are tables by which you can easily convert pipe sizes from inches to millimeters and vice versa. When developing a sewerage engineering network, this is certainly important, since it often happens that some elements are purchased in metric standards, while others are purchased in inches.
For example, you have purchased a toilet made in one of the European countries. Then the exhaust pipe will be calculated in inches. But sewage pipe may, on the contrary, have a metric standard.
Thickness and diameters are important not only for steel pipes. With regard to plastic pipelines, the most commonly used at present, as well as those made from other materials, these parameters are also extremely important.
Dimensions of sewer risers
From plastic, PVC and polyethylene pipes are most common.
To calculate the exact amount required for installation, you can use the following characteristics.
standard sewer pipe size
For polyethylene risers it is necessary:
- typical size, which can be from sixteen to four hundred and fifty millimeters;
- working pressure is of different classes, from PN3 to PN16;
- thermal capacity usually does not exceed one joule per gram;
- the range of operation of the installation and the operation of pipes is from minus five to plus thirty-five degrees.
For PVC risers:
- typical size - from sixteen to sixty-three millimeters;
- pressure - from PN6 to PN16;
- capacity - does not exceed one joule per gram;
- from minus five to ninety degrees Celsius.
Different diameters are suitable for different communication purposes. The main uses of plastic pipes include the following:
- a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm to 32 mm is suitable for construction on an individual basis, for a pipeline for water supply - this size has high flexibility, which makes it possible to build complex structures;
- a pipe with a diameter of 50 to 100 mm is mainly intended for indoor sewage systems;
- a pipe of 100 mm or more in diameter is used both in private construction as an outlet pipe, and in wide use at large industrial facilities.
Temperature Range
For a plastic pipe, such a parameter is important as stability in operation when various temperatures. In the production of pipes, the technology of polymerization of polypropylene granules by means of a metal catalyst is used. Thanks to him, at a temperature of one hundred and forty degrees, the material softens, and already upon reaching one hundred and seventy-five, it begins to melt.
pipes for different temperature conditions
For domestic sewage, high temperatures are usually not needed. However, this parameter must be taken into account when designing outlets from plumbing fixtures where heating occurs. The temperature for normal operation is visible on the label. Naturally, it is necessary to select such an option so that it is not lower than that indicated on the plumbing fixture from where the discharge is made.
Guided by the marking, it is easy to understand:
- so, the PN20 class indicates the possibility of operation up to sixty degrees;
- class PN25 allows levels up to ninety-five degrees.
The operating temperature is a characteristic that allows continuous and harmless use of the pipeline. The manufacturer guarantees that the pipes can withstand and much more high temperature than the one indicated by the label. But the duration of the drain should then be short. Otherwise, the pipe may wear out much faster than the specified service life.
Another important point is the operating pressure. Depending on this, when conducting a sewer system, there may be two options:
- non-pressure sewerage network;
- pressure system.
When calculating the inner diameter of the future sewer pipeline, it must be borne in mind that plastic options, unlike metal ones, are self-cleaning (provided correct installation), that is, newly launched drains are able to wash away those that were previous. Also, no corrosion will form on them.
self-cleaning plastic sewer pipes
Therefore, even after a long time, the diameter of the pipeline will be the same as after acquiring a new one. Therefore, when calculating the internal section, you do not need to make reserves.
Let us consider in more detail the necessary parameters of pipes for the removal of various plumbing fixtures.
Plumbing equipment and pipe diameters
The largest section of all available plumbing fixtures will be required to drain the contents of the toilet bowl into the sewer. Both liquid and solid waste. It is because of the presence of these drains that the internal cross section must be at least ten centimeters.
But to service the bath, despite the fact that a much larger volume of liquid is drained from it, the required cross-section of the sewer pipe is only five centimeters. All liquid is drained through a single narrow drain hole, which is provided with a protective grille. Therefore, the same five centimeters are sufficient here. At the same time, no solid fractions come from the bathroom, and there is simply no need for a sewer riser.
The internal section is not calculated by adding the sections of plumbing fixtures. Otherwise, the diameter of the riser would have to be about a meter. But, after all, the devices are not used simultaneously.
In addition to the outlet of drains, the sewer pipe must have a gap so that air masses can move freely there. If the cross section is insufficient, a vacuum appears in the system. Then the sewage will move in different ways, and an unpleasant odor will begin to spread into the room due to the failure of the water seal.
seals for hermetic connection of pipes to each other
The main document that guides the design of sewerage networks is SNiP number 2.04.01-85. If you study the entire document, it will take a fair amount of time, and it's not worth it. All the parameters that must be followed when constructing a sewer fit in the following:
- the largest section of the sewer riser, whether it is an apartment or a private house, this is ten centimeters, which is quite enough to effectively collect and drain the waste fluid;
- under sinks, washbasins and bathrooms, five centimeters in diameter is enough;
- when using cast iron pipes, it is necessary to take into account deposits that will accumulate over time, but this parameter is not needed for plastic pipes;
- for the construction of a riser in houses up to five floors, pipes with an internal section of ten centimeters are used, and with more floors, a diameter of up to fifteen centimeters may be required;
- to bring the effluent to the facility for treatment, a collector with an internal diameter of twenty centimeters is used.
Thus, to install a sewer, you need to buy pipes of only two to three sizes. Between themselves, they are fastened with adapters and fittings designed for different diameters.