Central heating of a multi-storey building. Heating wiring diagrams
The level of heat supply directly depends on the type of wiring in an apartment or house. The most common schemes are one-pipe and two-pipe horizontal heating systems.
Types of wiring
Heating system device
In any apartment, all the elements heating system connected in one way or another. The pipeline can be either vertical or horizontal.
In the first case, the main sunbed is located in the basement. Risers of smaller diameter depart from it, to which pipes and radiators in the apartment are connected. The main advantage of vertical wiring is its low cost and simplicity.
Vertical wiring
A single-pipe vertical system can be top-mounted or bottom-mounted. Both types have their technical features. When installing a single-pipe vertical system with an upper piping, the supply pipeline is laid in the attic or on the technical floor. From the lounger, the coolant is supplied to the apartments through series-connected risers.
Such a system is static. It will not work to scale it by changing the number of radiators and installing regulators. It is able to save pipes during installation, but requires the installation of a large number of heating devices. Single pipe vertical systems are well suited for projects requiring natural circulation coolant.
With a lower wiring, it has a supply pipeline and a return line. They are laid on the surface of the floor or in the floor, for example, in a screed. When implementing such a system, the coolant enters each battery independently. Such a scheme is not without nuances. Each radiator must have a valve through which air can be bled.
Unlike single-pipe systems, two-pipe systems are regulated circuits. Communications constructed in this way allow you to disable any heating device online. The overrun of radiators is not typical for them, but the total length of the pipeline will be much longer compared to a single-pipe scheme. AT apartment buildings the two-pipe system has one more nuance. It is almost impossible to install an individual heat meter here. And the use of common house heat meters is beneficial mainly for residents of the first floors.
Horizontal wiring
The basis of horizontal wiring is the supply riser, passing through all floors. Sun loungers are connected to the riser, supplying heat to individual apartments. The use of horizontal wiring requires careful insulation of the riser, since significant heat losses occur here. To reduce heat loss as much as possible, risers are often installed in specially equipped mines.
Single-pipe circuits have a narrow scope - heating large areas. Therefore, in residential buildings they are almost never mounted. Horizontal two-pipe system well suited for providing heat to apartment buildings.
Installation of a two-pipe heating system in general terms is as follows:
- From the main supply riser, a supply pipe and a return pipe are laid on each floor, and radiators are also connected.
- On all radiators, without exception, shut-off valves are mounted.
An important advantage of the scheme is the possibility of connecting / disconnecting heat by floor. Sun loungers can be laid in the floor screed. This scheme allows the use of radiators with a bottom connection. All this has a good effect not only on heat supply, but also on the aesthetic appeal of apartments. One more important fact should be noted - the possibility of installing individual heat meters.
For all its indisputable merits, the system is not perfect. The difficulty lies in the need to install compensators with a significant length of the main line. The operation of the system as a whole is also complicated, since the installation stop valves and air cocks are required on every radiator without exception.
Collector wiring
Heating wiring diagram in a private house
Separately, it is worth talking about another popular wiring diagram - this is a two-pipe collector floor system. Its peculiarity lies in the installation of the supply and return manifolds on each floor. As in the case of the already described option, the heart of the system is a common supply riser. With a large number of consumers in the house, it is allowed to install several risers. Two collectors are mounted on each floor - supply and return, and from them there are pipelines that supply the coolant to the radiators.
Unlike traditional options, the collector floor scheme has a significant length of the pipeline. Considering that metal-plastic pipes are used for mounting the circuit, the implementation of such a project turns out to be more expensive than conventional options.
Important! Despite this shortcoming, collector circuits from the point of view of operational features much more efficient and simpler than other options. This makes them more and more popular not only in multi-storey, but also in individual construction.
The two-pipe collector system guarantees a uniform heat supply to all rooms. For comparison, it is worth remembering the principle of operation of single-pipe circuits. In them, the supply and removal of heat is carried out through one pipe, and the radiators are connected in parallel. As it moves through the pipeline, the coolant cools down. As a result, the farther the radiators are located from the supply pipe, the colder the water in them, and, as a result, the lower the air temperature in the room. It is impossible to install regulators in such connection schemes. Therefore, even within the same apartment it is impossible to achieve uniform heat.
Two-pipe schemes make it possible to minimize this drawback. The cooled coolant is removed from the system by return. Water does not cool down when moving from radiator to radiator, which means that all rooms will have approximately the same temperature. Such thermal indicators provide the most comfortable microclimate in the apartment. We must not forget that temperature controllers can be installed in such systems. And this gives not only comfort, but also savings and efficient spending of funds. In general, the installation of an expensive collector scheme pays off within 2β3 heating seasons.
Features of the collector circuit
Installation of heating systems
Important differences between two-pipe beam (collector) systems are:
- Flexibility and scalability of the scheme.
- Possibility of installation of thermostats on each radiator.
- The need to ensure forced circulation of the coolant using circulation pumps.
- Each circuit is a separate system with optional equipment and automation.
- Radiator vents are not required.
- High reliability of the system, reducing the number of accidents and leaks.
- High resistance to water hammer.
- Aesthetics
We can talk about the economic and operational advantages of horizontal two-pipe collector systems for a very long time, but one more advantage cannot be ignored - aesthetics. Modern man appreciates comfort. Even inexpensive repairs are done, if not with the involvement of a designer, then at least using the latest design trends. The presence of risers throughout the apartment does not coexist well with modern design. In old houses, the issue of risers is aggravated by another considerable problem - constant smudges, leaks that can kill any, even the best and most expensive repairs.
Installation of heating systems
In two-pipe collector circuits ah, all pipelines are laid in the floor screed. They not only do not spoil the apartment - they are absolutely invisible. Laying pipes in a screed is possible due to the use of modern materials- plastic and metal-plastic. They are not subject to corrosion, are not afraid low temperatures and even freezing of the coolant.
Horizontal beam schemes also make it possible to provide really high comfort in every room due to the possibility of installing heat controllers. The temperature of the house is regulated depending on the weather outside. The result is a high energy efficiency of the system.
Conclusion
Among all existing schemes for installing heating systems the best option remains a horizontal beam two-pipe system. Despite the higher cost of installation, it is becoming increasingly popular not only in high-rise buildings, but also in private housing construction. Such popularity of collector circuits is explained by unique combination excellent technical, operational, economic and aesthetic indicators.
When distributing heating pipes, various schemes are used that determine the features of the functioning of the system, material costs, and methods for connecting radiators. The scheme of heating distribution in a modern apartment building, as a rule, is carried out according to vertical technology, which most fully meets the requirements of non-standard layouts.
The vertical scheme differs from the horizontal counterpart, first of all, in insignificant heat losses. This feature is the merit of the carefully thought-out arrangement of the main pipes, which function as risers.
Interestingly, this technique owes its appearance to the new building standards in the country. Initially, it was not widespread, which is associated with certain nuances of the installation. The matter changed dramatically when five-story Khrushchev buildings began to be actively erected in the USSR, the area of ββ\u200b\u200bthe apartments in which was small, and therefore there was no need for horizontal wiring. In order to save money, a vertical technique was created, characterized by a number of nuances:
- Vertically there are several risers with a circulating coolant, to which radiators are connected;
- Each of the radiators can be configured separately;
- The coolant enters the premises through a separate circuit.
What should be prepared for?
If we talk about private cottages, then such a heating layout can also be used there, but the owners need to prepare for a meeting with some difficulties. An example of such a problem is that most batteries on the modern market are focused on connecting to horizontal systems, have an appropriate arrangement of nozzles, process holes and sections. Thus, the circuit, ideally, needs special radiators, oriented specifically to vertical mounting.
Another problem arises from this feature. As you know, it is better to mount radiators closer to the floor, this will allow you to establish effective air exchange without any extra effort. Cold air, according to the laws of physics, will go down, and heated air will rise up. A vertical radiator is extremely difficult to install in this way, due to which the heating is insufficient.
Choose the number of pipes
The scheme may suggest the presence of one or two pipes:
- The single pipe option implies that the coolant circulates along closed circuit and the radiators are connected in series. This design feature causes the temperature of the last battery to be lower than that of the first devices. However, with a small length of the contour, this disadvantage is naturally corrected. As an additional method of adjustment, you can use taps between the radiator pipes. The minimum volumes of materials for the formation of the system, no need for a circulation pump, a small volume of circulating coolant - these properties can be attributed to the advantages of the technology.
- The two-pipe scheme is based on the installation of two circuits. The first is used to supply the coolant to the radiators, while the second sends the cooled water to the boiler for new heating. When laying, it must be remembered that the pipes must go next to each other, because the radiators are connected in parallel. An additional pipe increases the total volume of the coolant used, it is often impossible for it to flow by gravity, and therefore it is necessary to install a circulation pump. However, with some installation inconveniences, the system is more reliable than the first option, since the formation of an air lock is excluded.
Horizontal option
To complete the picture, it is worth considering the horizontal wiring method. Its benefits are as follows:
- In the event of an emergency, it is possible to disconnect only the damaged battery. The method is also convenient when changing heating appliances in a single apartment, there is no need to cover the whole riser.
- It is possible to install energy meters in each apartment, thanks to which residents will be able to adjust the operation of the batteries so that it is both economical and contributes to the formation of an optimal microclimate. For example, during a long business trip or vacation, the temperature in the room is artificially lowered.
- The technique is independent of the rest of the apartments in the house, and therefore the owner equips the heating in full accordance with personal requirements. There are no risers in the apartment, and individual pipes can be laid in niches, which is valuable in the formation of designer interiors.
- It is believed that this technology is more durable.
- Pipes are laid not in the walls, but in special niches and corrugations. This approach is optimal from the point of view of maintainability, the lightweight design can be easily disassembled to get to the emergency area.
Thus, a residential building can be supplied with heat according to any of the described schemes. In order to make the best choice, it is necessary to take into account all the nuances, positive and negative aspects of decisions. Even the vertical version, which, as it may seem, to lose to the horizontal counterpart, in high-rise building guarantees effective heating at low financial investments at the installation stages.
Modern technologies and methods for organizing the supply and removal of coolant in residential heating systems are gradually appearing in our country. In elite residential complexes, horizontal wiring of the heating system is already widely used, and it is also being introduced in new buildings of the economy class. Let's look at the differences and advantages of such a feed scheme. hot water into batteries.
Definition and types
General
We will speak in the simplest possible language, since the article was written not for specialists, but for ordinary consumers of heating services. So, horizontal heating distribution assumes the presence 2 main risers, which are located in the entrance or technical room.
One riser is the supply of hot coolant, the second is the outlet of the cooled one. Further, on each floor there is a collector, from which 2 taps are connected to each apartment.
From these taps, two pipes are laid on the floor (supply and return), which feed the radiators with heat. At the same time, all pipes are hidden in the floor screed, which is undoubtedly much more aesthetically pleasing than the ubiquitous Soviet-style heating risers.
Of course, such a system has its advantages and disadvantages, some differences in the distribution of pipes and water supply, and we will certainly consider them.
Single pipe
As you can see in the photo, when the water is supplied and drained, they are produced by one pipe. This gives some savings in materials, but it also has obvious disadvantages:
- The coolant cools down as it moves along the circuit;
- It is difficult to achieve the same temperature of the first and last radiators in the circuit;
- The system is less dynamic and adjustable.
Attention! Today, such systems are used only in private construction, when the heating circuits are small and the temperature difference is negligible. In apartment buildings, two-pipe systems are used.
Two-pipe
It has a number of advantageous features:
- it is supplied by one pipe, and taken back - by another;
- In the process of circulation, the water does not cool down from one radiator to another, and the temperature on each battery is approximately the same, which allows you to create a more comfortable microclimate in the apartment and evenly distribute the coolant;
- It becomes possible to adjust the temperature regime depending on the weather conditions;
- Thanks to the regulation, saving on heating reduces costs by 1.5 - 2 times.
Two-pipe radial
The most progressive and modern scheme. The beam system is also called a collector system, since a distribution manifold is installed in the apartment, from which the direct and return pipes are connected to each individual radiator.
Differences:
- The number of pipes increases, but the material overrun is compensated by the convenience and excellent indicators of system flexibility;
- It is possible to adjust the temperature load of each individual radiator, which makes it possible to fine-tune the microclimate of the room;
- Necessarily requires the presence of circulation pumps;
- Each heating circuit is an independent system, it is possible to equip it with its own taps, pumps and automation;
- In the event of a radiator replacement or an accident, you can not turn off not only the entire riser, but even the entire apartment: it is enough to shut off the water supply to a specific radiator;
- Horizontal heating radiators in collector systems do not require air outlets; these elements are installed on the collector.
Economic aspect
Reading about so many benefits, you involuntarily ask yourself a reasonable question: how much does it all cost, because free cheese is only in one place? Of course, such systems are somewhat more expensive than traditional ones. vertical wiring with natural circulation.
Experts from leading construction companies in Russia answer this question in the following way: the cost of installation and equipment of horizontal heating systems falls on the shoulders of the developer and is about 20%.
But at the same time, thanks to the subsequent savings in heat due to regulation, the consumer pays for the costs within two to three years. It also reduces the number of accidents and leaks, reduces dependence on the quality of housing and communal services.
The buyer receives an apartment with a ready-made screed in all rooms, and this is a high-quality, even and completed work according to all standards.
Important! Price polypropylene pipes much lower than metal ones, and their service life can be more than 50 years. These pipes are not afraid of water hammer, are not subject to corrosion, are able to expand (they do not burst even when water freezes in them).
It is also worth noting the following nuance: transportation costs are significantly reduced and installation is simplified due to the low weight of polypropylene compared to steel.
Aesthetics and comfort
The aesthetic side of the issue also plays an important role. Increasingly, the consumer makes increased demands on the interior of their homes. Designer repairs have come into fashion, suggesting that the interior matches a certain style.
At the same time, not every style is able to accept "soviet" risers in every room, and leaking pipes can turn expensive repairs into a miserable sight quickly enough.
The horizontal arrangement of the distribution pipes allows you to hide them in the floor screed, which significantly increases the visual appeal of the room and the possibility of interior decoration.
Besides, modern man no longer wants to put up with the conditions and adapt to the climate. When investing in real estate, the buyer wants to get comfortable housing in all respects.
AT winter time temperature regime especially variable: after severe frosts, a sharp warming can occur, and the temperature rises several times. Naturally, if the radiators continue to heat, as before, the apartment will become hot.
You will have to open windows and create drafts, and the question arises: why pay for heat when it is unnecessary? Horizontal systems allow you to adjust the temperature regime of each individual apartment, and beam systems - each individual room.
Advice! The use of heat consumption meters allows you to take into account only the heat that you need and not pay for an overheated room.
Mounting
Itβs worth saying right away that installing such systems with your own hands is a risky business. The problem is that the design of horizontal systems requires serious calculations. Only a competent engineer is able to make such calculations and correctly design the entire structure.
In addition, the installation, debugging and launch of such a system will require the work of experienced professionals who are familiar with modern technology, plumbing standards and norms, which are just beginning to be introduced in this country.
You can, of course, find a lot of tips and instructions for installing horizontal heating systems, but there is no guarantee that such an instruction will not lead to an incapacitated configuration.
The fact that a particular scheme works for one person does not mean that the same scheme will work for you. This requires an individual approach.
Also, do not forget that the commissioning of accounting equipment requires the participation of state specialists who will confirm the compliance of this equipment with standards.
Advice! If you still decide to install such heating yourself, we recommend that you watch the video on our website. You will also need a solid theoretical base and experience with plumbing.
It would not be superfluous to also find someone who already has similar experience and ask about all the intricacies of the work ahead.
Conclusion
Despite the general backwardness of the standard of living in Russia compared to the countries of Western Europe and the United States, the norms and standards of housing are gradually coming to our country. Elite and simply new housing is increasingly equipped to such standards. Horizontal heating systems are the future of our housing and communal services.
Good day, dear readers! Heating distribution schemes are single-pipe and two-pipe, with upper and lower wiring, vertical and horizontal, dead-end and with oncoming water flow. Basically, in residential buildings and buildings, a vertical single-pipe wiring scheme prevails. From the seventies until the end of the Soviet era, the heating of most buildings was built using a single-pipe system. And in modern times, the heating of a considerable part of the buildings was installed exactly according to this scheme.
Previously, this was explained by the fact that a single-pipe system requires less pipe consumption, it is easier to install, in terms of hydraulics (if control valves are not used). And now there are many supporters of this heating wiring scheme. If you go to the thematic forums, then there you can find topics where there are heated debates between supporters and opponents single pipe system.
What is a one-pipe system, for example, with a lower wiring? This is a system in which water leaves the supply from the bottom up to the riser, and after passing the entire building vertically, it returns through another, parallel riser to the return line. Such wiring is called vertical lower single-pipe.
According to this scheme, the vast majority of high-rise buildings built at sunset are connected Soviet era. The only difference is that somewhere the wiring was done with jumpers, or otherwise closing sections, somewhere without jumpers, somewhere with three-way valves on the jumper. In the photo with a jumper and a three-way valve. Less common is the upper single-pipe heating wiring diagram. This scheme is characterized by the fact that the so-called main riser of large diameter comes out of it, and then from the top floor the wiring goes from top to bottom.
In addition, the heating wiring diagram can be with dead-end or associated water flow. Dead-end movement of water is when water flows into the radiator in one direction, and leaving it moves in the opposite direction, as in the photo below.
A scheme with a passing movement of water, when water flows into the radiator in one direction, and leaving it, it moves in the same direction, as in the photo below.
The fundamental difference between these two schemes is that the heating distribution with associated water movement is easier to balance hydraulically. Misalignment in such a system is much less common than in a scheme with dead-end water movement. The fact is that all circulation rings in a system with a passing movement are approximately equal in length to each other, and, accordingly, the pressure losses are approximately the same. In a system with dead-end or oncoming traffic, the farther the riser is from the heating unit, the longer the circulation ring into which it enters. Hydraulically adjusting such a system is much more difficult. Everything is so, but for a good balance in hydraulics in a system with associated traffic, you have to pay with increased pipeline consumption, that is, the length of the pipes is greater than in a system with dead-end traffic.
The one-pipe system also has disadvantages, and the most important is that it is difficult for modern control valves (radiator thermostats) to take root on it. Indeed, if you put a regulator with a thermal head (thermostat) on the radiator in a single-pipe system, then it will only lower or increase the temperature in the room, that is, regulate the internal temperature, nothing more. You will not save heat energy, since the coolant, bypassing the radiator with a thermostat, in the same amount will go further down the riser to other radiators. With balancing valves, it seems to be simpler, they put them on a single-pipe heating wiring diagram. A regular shut-off valve is placed on the riser that comes from the supply, and a balancing valve is placed on the riser that goes into the return. There are schemes where both cranes are balancing. In general, of course, you can balance a one-pipe system if you wish.
However, a two-pipe heating system is still better for adjustment.
Hydraulic adjustment is much simpler here, often balancing valves along the risers are not required. A two-pipe system can be adjusted even simply with a conventional stopcock Soviet sample.
But usually they use a standard radiator piping scheme with a conventional shut-off ball valve on one supply pipeline to the radiator, and a control valve on the other pipeline to the radiator. You can even balance the system quite well. Two-pipe system also happens with the top and bottom wiring. with dead-end and oncoming water movement, vertical and horizontal.
The most promising and modern is the horizontal heating distribution system. After all, the most important and fatal drawback of vertical heating systems, both single-pipe and two-pipe, is the inability to put a heat energy consumption meter on a single apartment or even a floor. All this, by the way, slows down real energy saving, since there is no incentive, since the bill for heat is billed according to some calculated figures. Even if in the basement, in the heating unit, there is a common house heat meter. Horizontal heating distribution is divided into radial and perimeter. Perimeter - as the name implies, wiring around the perimeter of the room. Radiant heating distribution is more convenient for adjustment and accounting.
Entering, adjusting and accounting for such a heating system is reminiscent of entering electricity into an apartment. Also, distribution cabinets, but instead of circuit breakers, RCDs, electric meters, and wiring - balancing fittings, metering and control devices, distribution manifolds.
I myself adhere to the side of adherents of the two-pipe heating wiring diagram. Although it is clear that in Soviet times the widespread use of a single-pipe system was justified in terms of capital construction and the pace of housing construction.
I will be glad to comments on the article.