Individual heating in a multi-storey building. Requirements for the placement of an electric boiler. Individual heating in an apartment building: video
The main problems of district heating are non-compliance with the temperature regime, frequent interruptions in operation and low level of service. An alternative is to make autonomous heating in the apartment. But for this you need to know the features that individual heating has in apartment building. All the pros and cons of autonomous systems will determine the relevance of organizing such a system.
Benefits of individual heating
The main positive aspect of autonomous heat supply in an apartment is the ability to independently install temperature regime work in every room. To do this, it is enough to change the power of the heating device (boiler, underfloor heating or electric convector). To automate the work, temperature sensors and thermostats are installed.
In addition, you can highlight the following advantages of individual heating in the apartment:
- Possibility to choose the method of air heating - water (electric or gas), air converter.
- Rational use of energy carrier. It is possible to reduce the temperature in rarely visited rooms or to set the minimum heating level in case of a long absence from the apartment.
- When using double-circuit boilers, hot water supply will not depend on the work of utilities.
But the main advantage of individual heating is its efficiency. Knowing the energy consumption and the average temperature on the street, you can quite accurately predict the budget for one or several months.
Disadvantages of independent heat supply
In addition to the obvious advantages of autonomous systems, one should take into account the difficulties of their organization and maintenance. The first difficulties apartment owners face when obtaining permission to install a gas or electric boiler. Not all houses are designed to perform such actions.
When organizing gas heat supply, a problem may arise due to the maximum allowable fuel consumption per apartment. Also, the refusal can be motivated by a small cross-section of air ducts in the building. But this is only true for gas boilers with an open combustion chamber.
You also need to know such disadvantages of autonomous heat supply in an apartment building:
- Large initial costs. These include the purchase of a boiler, pipes, control and safety items.
- Repair and maintenance costs. Be sure to flush the pipeline, pressure test it, replace failed components.
- In case of non-compliance with applicable standards, representatives of regulatory organizations may prohibit the operation of individual heating.
But all these difficulties are incommensurable with the above advantages. Many are trying to abandon district heating services, but bureaucratic red tape and specifications most buildings do not allow this.
Comparison of heating systems
There are two main ways to heat the air in the apartments of multi-storey buildings - or special. The choice depends on the actual conditions of the building, the budget and the complexity of the work. Preliminary it is recommended to conduct a superficial analysis of these methods.
Gas
Can be used as a heat source water system, which includes a boiler, pipeline, radiators and safety elements. An alternative option is gas convectors installed in each room.
Features of the organization and operation of the gas autonomous heating in an apartment building:
- obligatory registration of official permission;
- high initial cost of the boiler and consumables - pipes, radiators;
- lowest energy cost;
- carrying out preventive work with a gas boiler and the entire system as a whole.
If it was chosen modern model boiler - heating will work in automatic or semi-automatic mode.
Electrical
The only option is if the house does not have a gas pipeline or the technical conditions for connection do not correspond to the actual ones. The organization of water heating with an electric boiler is completely similar to gas heat supply. The difference lies in the absence of combustion products - no need to equip the chimney. It is possible to install autonomous electric radiators in each room or underfloor heating systems.
The nuances of the electric heating of the apartment:
- no need to issue a permit;
- power supply must be rated for maximum loads heating;
- high energy cost.
The choice is given the opportunity to purchase and install classic electric boilers, ionic or induction models. They have different technical characteristics, dimensions and cost.
Is it necessary to install individual heating in an apartment building? Yes, if possible. But for this it is necessary to study the intricacies of the organization of each system and choose the best option.
The whole house lives by the laws heating season, but the lucky ones in whose apartments individual heating, decide when to turn it on or off, raise the temperature or cool the room. And most importantly, they pay according to the meter - only for the consumed gas or electricity.
The heating system of cities was developed back in Soviet times, when no one thought about personal comfort - the heat was divided equally, the heating season did not begin with cold weather, but by order and ended with accidents on the heating main. Soviet times have passed, but the system remains.
Ukrainians unanimously freeze in anticipation of the start of the heating season, warm themselves by electric heaters in winter, and suffer from hot radiators in spring, until the heating is turned off “upstairs”. To endure the cold for a week or two was a common thing until a new economical miracle appeared - individual heating. It turns out that you can turn a cold apartment into an oasis of warmth.
Content:
Independence season with individual heating
The autonomous system is or connected to and . It heats the water to the right temperature and promotes its circulation. Such a boiler can only work for heating (single-circuit boiler) or heat water for the bathroom and kitchen (double-circuit).
To install this system, it is enough to disconnect the apartment from the central heat supply and purchase and install your own heat source. The choice of a boiler depends on the area of the room and technical conditions, so it is better to entrust it to a specialist. However, you can make preliminary calculations yourself.
For heating 10 m2 with a ceiling height of up to 3 m, 1 kW of boiler power is required. We divide the total area by 10 and choose a boiler with a small margin of power. There are gas, electric, diesel and even combined boilers.
The most common gas and electric boilers. The latter are cheaper and safer. Gas boilers are an order of magnitude more expensive than electric ones, do not corrode, almost do not overgrow with soot and last much longer than their other types. There are boilers and the type of installation - wall and floor. Wall-mounted ones are cheaper, take up less space, and are easier to install. Floor boilers last longer, have no power limitations, are insensitive to the quality of tap water.
Needless to say, the equipment must be bought in specialized stores and with a guarantee, and the installation should be trusted only by companies with a license. When choosing a specific brand, ask the seller:
- how quickly you can fix the boiler if it breaks down, and how much it costs;
- when the warranty expires;
- whether the boiler is adapted to local operating conditions, low pressure gas, unstable voltage.
Permits for connection of individual heating
Switching to individual heating is not so easy. It is not officially prohibited. However, the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services (HCS) requires that the entire entrance, or even the house, be connected to the boilers, which is tantamount to a ban. The final decision remains with the city executive committee. Today, local authorities may refuse to install an autonomous gas boiler in an apartment building, and allow - it all depends on both specific case, and from the official.
The city gas service may prohibit individual heating in a house where it is not technically possible to supply gas directly to the boilers. For example, the house has a low gas supply even for stoves, and if a household boiler is lit on the first floor, the burners will go out on the fifth floor.
Are you about to install an electric boiler?
The city gas service does not object. However, there are problems with the city state administration - after all, if the house is old and the traffic jams knock out from any overvoltage, then the electric boiler will completely de-energize the whole house. On the other hand, there is a list of “problem” houses where it is difficult to establish normal centralized heating, but it is easy to solve problems with the supply of gas and electricity. In such cases, utilities themselves offer residents to install individual heating. This immediately solves the problems of repairing heating mains and uninterrupted water supply.
Ideally, the house, the tenant of which is going to conduct "personal heat", should be private, in extreme cases, 2-4 floors. But in practice, everything is different, and even in an apartment building you can install an autonomous boiler if certain conditions are met.
- The heating installation must not disturb the air exchange and ventilation in the room.
- Designers are required to develop a clear chimney layout.
- The house was originally designed for a large amount of gas consumption, and the kitchen has a free corner for installing a heater. In other words, the chances are slim if you have a tiny apartment in an old "Khrushchev". However, if officials categorically refuse to install autonomous heating, this problem can be successfully resolved through the courts.
What are we saving on?
First of all, individual heating protects your health and nerves. Most Ukrainians install boilers only in order not to freeze from autumn to spring, and in summer not to heat water in pans while the heating network is turned off for maintenance work. A heating boiler is bought, first of all, for the sake of comfort, and only then - for the sake of economy. Which one?
Now let's count. If you install a gas boiler and compare the meter readings, on average, from 20 to 40 m3 of gas is consumed in summer, from 100 to 150 m3 in winter. We take into account not only the heating of housing, but also cooking for the whole family, heating water for personal needs. Heating alone in winter and autumn consumes 60-100 m3 of gas, which is 220-360 UAH.
We pay approximately UAH 500-800 per month to city heating networks. Savings average 280-440 UAH per month. For six months of the heating season, save about 2500 UAH. Considering that the installation of the system costs at least UAH 10,000, then its cost will pay off in 4 years. And it will be a time of comfort, warmth and tranquility.
Package of documents
Installation of individual heating is the same redevelopment, the process is long and laborious. Installation of the boiler and piping system can take a week, and it will take three to five months to go to authorities and collect documents. If you decide to switch to autonomous heating for this winter, you need to prepare documents now. First of all, collect a standard set of title documents for an apartment:
- a certificate of state registration or an agreement on the transfer of ownership of an apartment or a certificate of inheritance (a photocopy certified by a notary);
- copies of title documents for each apartment owner, if there are several;
- written consent of all family members living in the apartment, as well as residents living in the house;
- a photocopy of the technical passport of the premises.
This package of documents is required by each instance, so make sure that copies are always at hand.
We design individual heating step by step
- First, you need to obtain permission from the city heating network in order to disconnect the apartment from central heating. If turning off the radiators does not disrupt the operation of the engineering equipment of neighboring apartments or houses, there is no reason for refusal. Otherwise, you can appeal the ban in court.
- Then contact the district housing office for a letter to the city gas service, which will indicate the technical conditions (TU) for the installation of a gas heating apparatus.
- With a permit from the heating networks and a letter from the housing office, you need to go to the district administration and submit an application with a request to coordinate the installation of individual heating at your address. Now, having in hand the two above documents and a copy of the application to the district administration, you can go to receptionist service gas for the document with the specified specifications.
- In order to agree on an individual heating project, it will be necessary to collect specifications not only for connecting gas networks, but also for disconnecting the internal heating wiring from the central system, as well as specifications for ventilation ducts.
- When all the papers are collected, you need to contact the design organization for a plan for redevelopment of the premises. It must contain technical solutions with all the necessary calculations, a description of the thermal insulation, the value of the heat transfer of the transit risers and pipelines passing through the apartment, and at the same time the calculated thermal loads apartments.
- The redevelopment project must be coordinated with the SES authorities, the fire service and all authorities that issued the technical specifications.
- The collected documents must be taken to the interdepartmental commission for the use of housing stock. Within the prescribed period (a month and a half), she considers your application. If the commission gave the go-ahead, you can buy and install the boiler, but if you receive a refusal, you can appeal it in court.
- After completion of all construction and repair work, contact the city department of architecture and urban planning for an acceptance certificate. When the act is ready, take it to the organization for accounting for real estate objects. From this moment, the installation of individual heating in the apartment can be considered officially issued.
It remains only to renew the heat supply contract on new terms and enjoy autonomous heat. However, you can do it much easier - entrust all the documents and approvals to the design organization for a fee. In some cities, the city gas service takes care of all the documentation.
1. The cost per square meter is lower, since it does not require the supply of a heating main and a DHW line.
2. The tenant independently regulates the climate in the apartment, and does not wait for the start of the heating season (or in the spring of its end.
3. You can forget about the seasonal shutdown hot water.
4. The communal apartment is cheaper (there is no payment for hot water and heat, of course, the consumption increases cold water and gas, but the tariff for hot water and heat, in addition to the cost of the same cold water and gas, includes payment for heat losses on the highway, its repair, and, in general, payment for the rest of the costs of the supplier and intermediaries in the form of a housing office).
5. Radiators and heating pipes in the apartment are always filled with water (there is no contact with air, as with a centralized system, the system is idle for almost 4-5 months a year and oxidizes safely), which reduces the corrosion rate of the inner surface of the heating system elements.
6. The AI system is not subjected to regular annual “rape”, which we call pressure testing. Those. hydraulic shocks in the system are excluded, because it is completely insulated. All this increases the reliability and service life.
7. Autonomous heating systems are completely environmentally friendly. They use boilers with a closed combustion chamber, as a result of which it is possible to solve the problem of ventilation of the apartment. In this equipment, the combustion air is forcibly sucked in by means of a built-in fan from the outside. Combustion products go there. Since the boiler works intermittently, the products of combustion are easily dispersed in the air. In normal operation, equipment with a closed combustion chamber and forced draft emit about 80 -110 p.p.m. combustion products with carbon monoxide, which fully meets European standards.
Of the minuses:
1. In your house, in addition to the stove, there is another gas appliance that needs to be serviced periodically (only in licensed companies and preferably service center boiler manufacturer)
2. Any boiler equipment very sensitive to water hardness (the service life and the frequency of routine maintenance directly depend on this)
3. You have to come to terms with the fact that a boiler will live in your kitchen. Of course, compact and beautiful, but when planning the kitchen space, you will be limited by this circumstance.
4. In our country, coaxial emissions of combustion products through the facade of apartment buildings are prohibited, which means that there is a need to equip a single chimney, and this is a rather expensive and lengthy process.
5. High danger of apartment heating systems. Indeed, in this case, in each room there is heating equipment that runs on gas, which, as you know, is an explosive fuel. However, this problem can be solved if high-quality boilers are used, endowed with ionization control of the presence of a flame, draft and temperature control sensors, and automatically turning off the gas valve when the fire disappears.
The issue of hardness can be solved by installing a softening system (by the way, in urban boiler houses, water is pre-softened).
A private house with an individual heating boiler is a completely common phenomenon. Considering the rising cost utilities and the quality of heat supplied centrally, residents of apartment buildings also began to seriously think about installing independent heating in the apartment. Implementing this idea is more difficult than equipping a detached cottage with a heating system, but still it is quite possible. Read on and we will tell you more about how to do this.
Possible problems you will encounter
With a private house, everything is relatively simple. Here you can put a gas, solid fuel, liquid fuel or electric boiler, make a water heated floor, organize a solar heating collector on the roof, install solar panels, use one of the types of heat pump, make a combination of these methods and even build a separate building for the boiler room.
In an apartment building, most of these methods are not possible because:
- it may harm the interests of other tenants;
- not every project can be carried out in an apartment from a technical or practical point of view;
- there are many legislative restrictions, etc.
For example, it does not make sense to install in an apartment, since fuel storage will require significant space, and usually the ceiling is not designed for such an increase in weight. Of course, storing a large amount of flammable liquids in such a situation can be dangerous. It is forbidden to install in apartment buildings, only it is allowed.
Sometimes, with the transition to individual heating, problems arise not of a technical, but of a legal nature. In some regions, the refusal of district heating may be prohibited legislative acts. In such a situation, one should start not with the design of technical documentation, but with the advice of a lawyer. The apartment owner may have to seek court permission to disconnect from the central heating system, as well as obtain permission to install individual heating equipment.
Most often, apartments use two options for autonomous heating: gas or electric. In the first case, the installation is considered the best choice. Electricity is used to heat the coolant not only directly, but also indirectly, for example, for work. Whatever the choice, you will have to take into account the need to first dismantle the old heating system, since it is far from always possible to use the old pipes and radiators.
An interesting option for switching to electric individual heating is presented in the following video:
Option #1 - gas heating (column)
For an apartment, a modern double-circuit gas boiler is perfect, equipped with a closed combustion chamber, electronic ignition and equipped with a programmable thermostat. This configuration will allow you to support in the system optimum temperature for different times of the day. Owners of a spacious apartment are advised to get a storage boiler, this will allow you to stock up on a large enough amount of hot water so that you can wash dishes and take a shower at the same time.
The diagram shows the device of a double-circuit gas boiler, which is optimally suited for the installation of autonomous heating in an ordinary apartment
Advantages and disadvantages of this option
The degree of automation of modern gas boilers is quite high; after installation and configuration, the equipment can work completely autonomously. Security systems reduce the risk of gas leakage and other unpleasant consequences to a minimum. For small apartments, you can always choose a compact boiler model that does not take up much space. The boiler works silently, it will not disturb either the tenants of the apartment or their neighbors. Prices for such equipment vary in a wide range, which allows you to choose the right option at the best price.
To install a double-circuit gas boiler with a closed combustion chamber on the facade of a building with a coaxial chimney, a special permit may be required.
- No matter how small the probability of a gas explosion, it still exists.
- The ventilation system in the room where the gas boiler is installed must meet the highest requirements.
- Price domestic gas for the population is steadily increasing.
- The ventilation ducts will require periodic cleaning, as they will be clogged with greasy soot - products of combustion of domestic gas.
- When used through an open window, an unpleasant odor will penetrate into the apartment.
It is also important to note that to set the exit coaxial chimney on the facade of the building, permission from the supervisory authorities may be required.
Features of the gas system device
Heating installation gas equipment performed in four steps:
- Gas boiler installation.
- Disconnection and dismantling of the old heating system.
- Installation of radiators and heating pipes for a new system.
- Connecting a gas boiler.
To implement the last stage, you should invite a specialist from gas service who will ensure that all operating and safety regulations are observed.
Since they are practically excluded in an autonomous heating system, pipes and radiators can be selected without increased strength requirements. Most often, apartment owners choose lungs that have increased heat dissipation. Easy to install and corrosion resistant polypropylene pipes by 20 mm. For heating and hot water systems, PP pipes reinforced with foil are recommended, which compensates for the high thermal expansion characteristic of polypropylene.
For autonomous heating in an ordinary apartment, lungs are best suited aluminum radiators with good heat dissipation and polypropylene pipes
During the installation of radiators and pipes, a number of rules should be followed:
- Radiators should be connected to the circuit in parallel, not in series.
- When inserting radiators, you need to use a diagonal pattern (from top to bottom).
- A thermal head should be installed on the return connection of each radiator.
- A Mayevsky crane must be placed in the top plug of each radiator.
- A valve must be installed on the radiator supply.
- Installation of radiators is carried out strictly according to the level.
- On the spill, it is required to use clip-fixers that compensate for the thermal expansion of the pipes.
- Upon completion of the installation of pipes and radiators and before connecting the boiler, it is necessary to carry out pressure testing of the system.
For normal operation autonomous system heating needed circulation pump, as well as elements of the security group:
- expansion tank;
- manometer;
- safety valve;
- device for automatic air removal.
Usually modern gas boilers are already completed with all these necessary elements and are completely ready to work.
The thermal head on the heating radiator will allow you to regulate the temperature in the room, and the gas boiler control system will maintain the required temperature of the coolant
Option #2 - electric heating
The owner of the apartment has several options for heating with electricity:
- electric boiler;
- warm floor;
- Heat pump.
The first two options can be quite costly during operation, since electricity is constantly becoming more expensive, like other energy carriers. For installation, as with the installation of gas, you will need to remove the old pipes and radiators and install new ones. considered more efficient due to its features. When the heating elements are evenly distributed throughout the floor, and the air in the room is heated from the bottom up, less heat is needed to heat the room than with traditional hot water heating.
The diagram shows the options for connecting an air-to-water heat pump to various types of heating systems: radiators, fan coil, underfloor heating
The most profitable for autonomous heating of an apartment is a heat pump of the “” or “” type. In this case, electricity is used in a relatively small amount to operate the equipment that draws from environment thermal energy with low potential and converts it into high potential energy. A heat pump is an environmentally friendly heating method that uses a renewable source of thermal energy. But it is considered effective only in warm climatic zones, i.e. where the air temperature does not drop below -25 degrees.
The cost of air source heat pump equipment can be quite high. Compared to the cost of individual gas heating a unit of heat obtained during the operation of a heat pump is somewhat more expensive. However, in the long run, such a solution may turn out to be more profitable than a gas boiler. In addition, the air-to-air heat pump can act as an air conditioner in summer. These devices are based on general principles which is why a heat pump is sometimes referred to as an air conditioner.
To install an air source heat pump in an apartment, you need to choose the right model. Large duct systems are more suitable for large apartments. In this case, you will have to install a central unit, from which warm air will be distributed through the ducts. In addition, the cost of equipment can be quite high. A multi-split system works in approximately the same way: a common unit is mounted outside, connected by highways to indoor units for each room.
The indoor unit of an air-to-air heat pump is very similar to a split air conditioner unit, since these units work on similar principles.
In a small apartment, it makes sense to install a separate split system for each room. In this case, you do not have to lay a network of air ducts around the apartment. This is very convenient if the final finishing in the apartment has already been completed and a major alteration is not planned in the near future. The amount of heat for each kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed in multi-split systems is 3.5 kW or less. An inventory split system with one external and internal unit can produce up to 5 kW of heat.
In areas with severe winters, some apartment owners use a combined option: in cold weather, they use a gas boiler, and when it gets warmer, they turn on the heat pump. An interesting option may also be a combination of a heat pump and underfloor heating.