The history of heating appliances in everyday life. The history of the creation and development of home appliances
Devices that function as a result of the action of an electric current, performing work, which can manifest itself in the form of thermal, mechanical and other types of energy, are called electrical appliances.
Electrical appliances are various kettles, coffee makers, meat grinders, steamers, multicookers, microwave ovens, hair dryers, irons, floor fans, air humidifiers, etc. All electrical appliances are certified by the technical control laboratory, as well as instructions or technical descriptions for its use.
For example, in nature, the so-called. cross pollination. In it, a species grows or is stimulated by another that has recently been introduced into the living system. Insects, birds, wind or humans transfer pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another, thereby enriching their genetic composition and increasing the number of heterozygous individuals. Make a hotel for insects using the picture below for inspiration, thus attracting a large number of plant helpers. Give them a small area to store water.
Angle effect. The angle effect is the most cornucopia. This is a space where one zone passes through another, and due to its temporary nature, it contains much more resources. For example, rain deposits in ditches along a road often contain seeds washed out of the soil by minerals that have settled here under shade and noise dampness. Thus, a living system naturally arose that is self-sustaining, especially if there is no external interference. That is why this principle is mainly applied to the creation of stable structures and places that will receive and deliver energy for a longer time.
Currently, electric heating devices are widely used. They allow you to maintain the desired temperature in any industrial or domestic premises. Usually they have a simple design, small dimensions, save energy. These include: electric fireplaces, electric heaters, radiators, reflecting stoves, floor heaters, convectors, etc.
In permaculture design, always strive to line curves as the natural environment of all living beings, and thus increase space and retain more nutrients in every curve of terrain you create. Here's what it would look like in artificial reality with creases and a lingering effect, especially on the plants around the edges and around the circular compost bin in the center - the Castle Garden.
A positive approach is the key to permaculture, whatever conclusion creators David Holmgren and Bill Mollison came to at the time of their active discussion in the late 70s. "Oppositional Ecology", as they call it, is the ultimate process in which human energy is channeled into verbal, not just combat, rather than practice and creativity. In their opinion, it is much more important to achieve the desired world with the wealth and knowledge that surrounds a person - either as pure inspiration from the functionality of everything that exists in nature, or as the application of the well-explained laws of the scientist already through this process.
Electric fireplaces
Usually fireplaces are made in the form of a steel box with a decorative finish. Heating elements are spirals on ceramic rods, which are mounted in a box. On the rear panel of the box there are contact terminals to which the ends of the heating coils are connected. A decorative barricade is used as a front wall. A metal reflector located in the depth of the housing creates a stream of directional heat rays.
And it would be better to combine both. The problem lies in the solution, and the only difference in the outcome of the situation is the approach that the person chooses for it. Please look forward to additional information about each of our e-newsletter principles from time to time.
“For me, every technological advance brings more benefits than problems,” says Francois Chaumbard. The German giant will be split into 25% of its shares, and the offer will be the largest in 20 years in the country. For me, every technological advance brings more benefits than problems. Problems are also being created, but if we look at the change that we see today: the enormous power of the computer, the possibilities of automation, the introduction of big data into the ways of diagnosing and treating people or whatever - all this is due to technological progress.
Portable, lightweight, easy to set up, very convenient for bedrooms or other small rooms, heating them evenly. Power consumption is from 450 W to 1050 W, more voluminous - from 1.6 to 3.2 kW. To decorate the interior is another kind of fireplaces - decorative. They not only heat the rooms, but also decorate them.
Two-thirds of what we produce every year is directly related to the expansion of the green economy around the world. We want to make our customers' lives more environmentally friendly and convenient. Our products are important, but the work of the company is important. Our work has always been focused not only on results, but also on people. Yes, results are important, but the people who achieve them are also important. We have proven that as a company you don't have to be in a constant financial race to be successful. You can also pay attention to your employees, not just results.
heaters
These are household electrical appliances that can maintain the set temperature in the room from 17 to 27 ° C, the accuracy of execution is +/- 2.5 ° C. Warming up the air in the room, they also work as fans. Reliability in the operation of an electrical appliance is carried out at a relative humidity of 40 to 75% and a temperature of 15 to 30 ° C.
That is why the percentage of people left in Melexis is very high - higher than the average for any country in the world. The fact that people stay is tied to our values. When we described them at the beginning of Melexis, almost no other company had any recorded meanings. Every company has one now, but we were one of the first. Are you compromised to have the right balance between focusing on results and focusing on people?
We do not see this as a compromise. We see it as two additional elements - it's an evolution, you can't have one without the other. When we talk about compromise, we must assume that we are talking about things that are mutually exclusive. For us, this is not the case - these are two parts of the process, such as the yin-yang symbol. These elements seem to be off, but they really complement each other and make them stronger.
The heater device consists of the following parts: a 1050 W heating element, a thermostat that can block the switch, a fan with a compact motor, a signal light and a connecting cord.
All named nodes are placed in a steel box. The compact electric motor of open execution has a squirrel-cage rotor, it is convenient in operation. The buttons for regulating the thermostat are built into the handle and correspond to temperatures of 15 - 25 ° C. The temperature setting is done manually.
At the global level, we are developing at a faster pace than the growth of the entire market. In fact, we are developing almost twice as fast as the market. For comparison, last year the sector grew by about 5-6%, and over the past five years we have grown by about 12% per year. It is important to look in perspective - the last few years, not just the most recent data. This is an eightfold increase, which speaks of our plans here.
These are components that measure speed, pressure, temperature, or other analog meters. Our sensors "translate" them and make them digital so that they can be used in car central computers. 88% of our sales are in the automotive sector. Nearly 70% of our business is in sensors. Long story short, we're the new guy next door.
At the bottom of the box there is a blocking switch that works when correct installation appliance on a flat horizontal surface.
The heater is turned on by smoothly turning the adjustment button in the direction of a special mark, according to which the air temperature in the room is set.
The heater must not be left unattended. According to the fire safety rules, a specially equipped place should be allocated for it so that a fire does not occur.
The reason we are able to achieve these results is because our customers love to buy from us and so do our products. If they hadn't, they wouldn't have been bought, and if they hadn't, we wouldn't have grown as fast. Many of our products are market leaders - and products that no one has ever made before. For example, our magnetic sensors. Original magnetic sensors only measure one axis. We have added another axis, which makes our product almost three-dimensional.
Previously, he needed two sensors located in very specific places. We have given the market a new solution that no one else has offered. Years passed while others achieved mass production of a similar product. Another innovative product that is newer is our gesture recognition sensor. In fact, it is a field that can read gestures - for example, to increase or decrease the volume, raise or close the phone. From the current point of view, it looks like a primitive technology, but it is very difficult to develop technologies.
Radiators
For additional heating of the room, radiators are used, which in 1.5 hours of operation raise the temperature by 4 - 5 ° C, with a room volume of 25 m³. If the room has a volume of 11 m³, then the device, being the only source of heat, will be able to maintain a temperature in the range of 15 - 18 o C, at a street temperature of 0 o C.
The difference between being in a room where you can pull the curtains into the sun and being in a car where the brightness is constantly changing, however, is huge. We are still the only company that makes something like this. In Sofia we develop mainly temperature and magnetic sensors. Temperature sensors are used to accurately measure the actual temperature, such as in a non-contact "face to face" thermometer. Temperature sensors are also used in automobiles, but their primary use is to measure and sense people in a room.
The radiator consists of a metal case, a thermostat, a tubular heating element and a connecting cord. The metal casing is hermetically welded, coated with a special heat-resistant paint and filled with transformer oil.
The fuel element is made of heat-resistant nichrome and placed in a tubular electric heater. To prevent oxidation of the tube insulation, it is covered with pressed powder from remelted magnesium oxide. The emergency switch and the thermal relay, are, in a steel box of a temperature regulator.
At the moment, the automotive components sector is changing very quickly. We love everything that changes and everything new because we sell innovation. The vast majority of our products are in the automotive industry, which gives us many new opportunities. Wave mass development electric vehicles is good news for us, because many of our products are aimed at cars that do not have an environmental footprint. We see that major manufacturers are counting on the mass production of electric vehicles and on the way to this goal - and hybrids.
The temperature control button, signal light, and the emergency switch handle are located on the wall of the thermostat. The signal lamp lights up when the radiator is connected to the electrical network. The thermal relay automatically maintains the set temperature on the radiator housing, which can reach 100 ° C.
If we look at a hybrid, it has two engines - electric and internal combustion. They must work in sync, and this is where we intervene. We will see even more electrification in the automotive market. Here is the work of our division in Sofia - if there is an engine internal combustion, heating comes from it. Electric cars have no space for heating. Manufacturers need to think about how to operate the air conditioner as well as how the battery lasts longer. The whole car will have to be revised.
This will also lead to an increase in demand for thermal sensors - that's our role. The whole car system needs to be changed from the inside. Additional pressure sensors are required. To make cars more efficient, more microchips need to be added. For us, this is a very important evolution.
Reflecting ovens
One of the simplest electrical heating appliances is a reflective type oven, which is a heating element mounted on a hinge and a reflector in the form of a sphere. By rotating the reflector, users can change direction heat flow, which comes from the heating coil.
What are your long-term plans - specifically for Melekis and Bulgaria? We want to keep growing as we have done so far. We are seeing our sensor technology fit well in other places as well, such as factory automation. A robot needs a lot of sensors to understand what it is doing and to do just that. For example, what you see in home appliances is the desire for machines to be more efficient. We also develop technologies for air conditioners and smart buildings, which are also being developed in Sofia.
The wire guard closes access to the heater, protecting users from accidental contact with hot high temperature, and therefore dangerous places in the oven.
The thermal element heats up to a temperature of 850 - 950 o C, creating a heat flux that is noticeable at a distance of 3 - 5 meters. The thermal element is a cone on which a groove is cut along a spiral line. A spiral made of nichrome is placed in this groove and fixed.
Imagine that you are using a thermometer - it actually measures the temperature at one point on your body. What our engineers develop gets a few points. When we zoom in and imagine a room, the technology can understand the temperature of everyone in it and let the air conditioner turn off when it comes to no one being inside. This makes the whole process 30% more efficient. How long will you be focused on these events?
At least a few years, because the project takes two or three years to complete. It takes another one or two years to test, and then mass production begins. Take the temperature sensor for air conditioners - where are you now in the process?
On the base of the housing there is a base, approximately the same as that of an electric light bulb, with its help the heating element is screwed into the reflector cartridge.
As an additional source of heat, a floor electric heater is often used for space heating. A simple device: a metal case, a thermal element and a non-removable connecting cord makes it very affordable, since its cost is not high.
We started making it a year ago. We are now in a period shortly before the mass production of this product. There are currently about 400 people in Bulgaria. It is difficult to say how things will continue in five years. This means that our growth should remain around 12% over the next five years. We see all these new opportunities for innovation in the automotive sector, new markets where our products can be used. One of the most popular services for maintaining the electrical installation of a building - residential or public - is the repair of staircase lighting.
Stamped steel sides form a box with a rounded top lid. A polyvinyl chloride tube fits around a metal handle that is attached to the top cover. A welded wire frame mounted on the body allows you to dry small items on it. Inside the case there is a protective heat-resistant coating, outside the case and the frame are protected from the external environment by heat-resistant paint.
Two steel supports are attached to two walls of the housing and keep the heater at a sufficient distance from the floor, for safety reasons. The heating element of such a device consists of ceramic cylinders (2), on which a nichrome spiral is fixed.
At the bottom of the case there is a signal light, which, after connecting the device to the network, lights up. The electrical circuits of devices of this type are simple and are available in the technical documentation that accompanies each heater.
Convectors
These are heaters that use the phenomenon of convection in their work, serve as auxiliary heaters for any type of premises. Due to natural active convection, the air is heated and mixed, increasing the temperature. The convector has extended term service, as the heater has a reliable design that works for a long period of time.
Safety of electric heaters
When using household electrical appliances, basic fire safety rules must be observed. Safety electrical appliances is a guarantee of saving the life and health of users.
The safety of electrical appliances is possible subject to certain rules and regulations. Buy these electric heating appliances, which have the function of turning off automatically. Pay attention to the place where the device will stand, there should be an empty space near it. At least 1 meter from flammable objects: bed linen, curtains, etc.
It is permissible to use only certified devices that are labeled - this ensures the safety of electrical devices. Abundance in the market allows you to do this. Before leaving the house, be sure to turn off the heating electrical equipment. It is impossible to overload the city electrical network with a multitude of electrical devices switched on at the same time.
Modern coffee makers
The current level of development of production has made it possible to equip our homes with a completely new generation of home appliances. Electronic assistants such as vacuum cleaners, polishers, dishwashers and washing machines make household chores easier. With the help of some models of household electric vacuum cleaners, it is not only possible to reduce the time spent on cleaning the apartment by 2.5-3 times, but also successfully whitewash the ceiling, walls, and humidify the air in the room. And washing dishes using a dishwasher will save up to 12-15%
time, and helps you use water and detergents more efficiently. In addition, washing dishes in a car is more hygienic than manual, and according to physical phenomena, the development of washing dishes in a car
Dishwashers
like washing clothes. Modern washing machines with the possibility of programming leave the housewives more free time, they allow automatic filling and draining of water, heating it to a given temperature, soaking clothes, introducing the required amount of detergent, washing, rinsing and wringing. But there are some difficulties with connecting machines of this type to the electronic and plumbing networks.
Modern refrigerators have become more capacious, they quickly and easily freeze food, they have special compartments for goods. different kind. Refrigerators according to the principle of producing "cold" can be divided into two types: absorption and compression. Absorption refrigerators have exceptional consumer features: they are silent in operation, reliable in operation, relatively ordinary in repair.
But their significant drawback will be that during operation they consume 3 times more electricity than compression-type refrigerators. The mechanism of operation of absorption-type refrigerators is based on the fact that when a concentrated aqueous solution of the refrigerant is heated, it evaporates, while taking heat from
Refrigerator Side-by-side Liebherr
refrigerating chamber. Up to 1,400 kWh of electricity is needed to ensure the operation of an absorption refrigerator during the year. During the same time, a compression refrigerator consumes about 400 kWh.
The refrigeration unit of a compression refrigerator forms a closed system filled with refrigerant. The compressor sucks the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and thereby makes it low pressure. The refrigerant vapor in the compressor is compressed and fed into the condenser, where, after cooling, it is converted into a liquid, which again enters the evaporator and is converted into vapor in it.
Kitchen equipment sets are increasingly complemented by microwave ovens, electronic coffee makers, mixers, juicers, meat grinders, etc. For cooking, household electric heaters such as floor (and desktop) electric stoves, electric frying pans, electric kettles, electric pots, electric barbecues are increasingly used.
Huge variety of electric stoves
An electric stove is a more versatile food making appliance. This is a permanently installed device, equipped with burners and a frying cabinet. On the burners, cooking is done in stove-top dishes, in an electric oven - baking flour products, frying, stewing vegetables and meat. The burner of the electric stove does the functions of the heater. In electric stoves, burners of 3 types are used: cast iron, tubular, pyroceramic. The shape of the working surface of the burner is usually round, and the diameter can be 90, 100, 110, 145, 180 and 220 mm. The most common are burners with a diameter of 145 mm and 180 mm, and burners with a diameter of 90, 100 and 110 mm are intended for coffee pots. Based on the highest power of the heating parts, the burners are divided into two groups: conventional heating (heating up to operating temperature 10-12 minutes for metal burners and 4-5 minutes for tubular ones), accelerated heating (warming up time to operating temperature is 3-6 minutes for metal burners and 1-3 minutes for tubular ones).
Accelerated heating burners, depending on the performance, are divided into express burners and automatic ones. An express burner is a burner with accelerated heating to the operating temperature due to additionally installed power. Express burners are usually made of metal. An automatic burner is a burner of accelerated heating, which provides automatic carrying out of various technological processes with an independent transition from the heating mode to this thermal mode.
Electronic household cookers
The burners are equipped with devices that allow you to adjust either the power consumption from 100-350 W (on a small installation), or the temperature of the working surface in the range of 100-500 ° C. Cast iron burners have two or three spiral grooves into which filler and heating elements are placed. The filler of the burners is an electrical insulating mass prepared on the basis of talc or periclase. In terms of thermal and electrical insulating properties, the fillers are actually similar, but the talc-based filler has the lowest mechanical strength.
Tubular burners are made from one-, two- or three-tubular heating elements (TEH), bent in the form of 1 or several turns of the Archimedes spiral. To improve the thermal contact of the dishes with the heating element, its working surface is made flat. For efficiency increase a reflector made of stainless steel is installed under the heating element.
Pyroceramic burners are a heating element covered on top with a pyroceramic material: technical glass-ceramic or other material. The electric stove oven allows you to use the advantages of electric heating more in the manufacture of food.
The iron muffle is thermally insulated with fiberglass or mineral wool. The thermal insulation layer is covered with duralumin foil, which in this case acts as a reflector. The duralumin foil and the side walls of the electric stove are divided by an air gap. The muffle is attached to the front wall, forming a loading window, which is locked with a door. A viewing glass is built into the oven door, which allows you to monitor the progress of the technological process. The temperature is controlled by a thermostat.
Microwave ovens are now widely used, in which a completely different method of heat treatment of goods is used than in gas or electric stoves. Microwave ovens use the energy of ultra-high frequency electrical oscillations, or microwave waves generated by a magnetron. Foods cooked in microwave ovens do not burn, completely retain vitamins, do not dehydrate and do not fry, and the process of making a dish is much faster than, for example, on gas stove. With all this, the microwave oven does not heat up, does not emit any products of combustion, the air in the kitchen remains fresh and unstained. In addition, making food in a microwave oven can significantly reduce the use of fats, which is often a fundamental condition for dietary nutrition.
microwaves
When using microwave ovens, precautions must be taken: it is not recommended to use hermetic dishes for the manufacture of goods, plastic bags must be opened or pierced before manufacturing in their goods. It is forbidden to use iron utensils, foil, newsprint, as well as paper napkins containing synthetic materials. When preparing or heating watery dishes and foods, you need to stir them. Products with skins, such as potatoes or tomatoes, need to be pricked before being cooked in the microwave.
Obviously, mastering the art of making delicious food in the microwave requires experience. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the work creatively. In the manufacture of dishes, a pan made of heat-resistant glass is used. Its capacity can be 0.5 -2.5 liters. This pan is made specifically for use in the microwave. In addition, for cooking in microwave ovens, you can use makitra (clay pot) and glass-ceramic plates.
Increasingly, infrared radiation is being used for thermal processing of goods. Its implementation reduces the duration of heat treatment processes, energy costs, technological losses of the product. The essence of the infrared method of heating food products is that the energy imparted to the product by radiation is released in the form of heat not only in the surface layer of the product, but also inside it, as a result of which the processing time of the product is reduced by 40-50% for meat and by 30% for fish, while the bio value of the product is not aggravated. To special devices for making food with heating the product using infrared radiation include electric grills, electric grills, electric toasters. The introduction of infrared radiation for the heat treatment of the product makes it possible to reduce the duration of the heat treatment of the product, to carry out the process without the use of fats, which is important for dietary nutrition, while obtaining a product with improved taste properties.
Fryer Philips
Capacitive devices for heating liquids include electric juice cookers, electric steam cookers, electric fryers and general purpose electric pots (express pots, rice cookers, slow cookers). Household electric pans are widely used due to their ease of use, economy and the highest quality of the prepared product.
For the processing of goods, electric meat grinders, coffee grinders or electric coffee grinders, electronic coffee makers, electric juicers, electric beaters and mixers are widely used.
Electrical appliances have also become widespread in everyday life for specific heating of water, both without its accumulation, and for heating containers with water. In such devices, water is brought to a temperature of 60-100 °C. These are portable appliances for heating and boiling small amounts of water, such as electric kettles,
electric samovars, electric jugs, instantaneous electric water heaters and capacitive (non-flowing) electric water heaters.
In principle, all devices of such purpose are arranged identically, the difference exists only in the design features and multifunctional purpose of each of them. Various kinds of electronic kettles, samovars, coffee pots have a container for heated water, in the lower part of which there is a heating element - a tubular electric heater of one form or another. Tubular electric heaters are airtight, usually have a very high degree of protection, reliable, safe in operation. A tubular electric heater is a thin-walled iron tube in which a coil of wire with a very high resistivity is located. Particular care should be taken with household appliances that use tubular electric heaters, because a malfunction associated with the failure of this electric heater makes it impossible to repair the entire device. First of all, it should not be forgotten that devices designed for heating water can only be connected to the mains when they are filled with water by more than one third of their own volume, otherwise the heating element may burn out. You should not completely pour out all the water from the electric kettle until it has cooled down or while it is plugged in, and you should also not pour or add cool water to a heated kettle, because the spiral may fail because of this.
Heaters – Termica Comfortline Comfort
Electric heaters for heating residential premises have become widespread relatively recently. They have certain advantages over other types of heating, because they are simple and safe to operate, small-sized and hygienic, and when using them, it is easy to automate the microclimate control of each room. Now in world practice three types of electric heating are clear: full, additional and combined. With full heating, all heat losses of the building are compensated by electric heating devices, with combined heating, the main part of heat losses is covered by centralized heating systems, and additional electric heating is a type of combined heating and is used in the off-season, when central heating does not work, or when the outside air temperature drops below the calculated value in addition to the centralized one.
With the development of technology, the problem of air cleaning becomes more and more acute. The solution to this problem includes three main areas: the fight against sources of pollution, ventilation and improvement of the environment, and cleaning the air with the help of air conditioners.
Household over-stove electric air cleaners help prevent contamination of walls, ceilings, curtains, furniture with greasy particles, soot that form during food preparation, and also reduce the amount of harmful products of incomplete gas combustion and the nasty smell of burnt food.
To create suitable criteria in residential premises, household air conditioners are used, which lower or increase the air temperature in rooms, dry the air and purify it of dust. The air conditioner can automatically maintain the set temperature, ventilate the room, change the speed and direction of the air flow, as well as air exchange with the environment.
Electric irons and dryers became commonplace. Modern irons are equipped with thermostats that automatically maintain the temperature on the iron soleplate that is necessary for ironing certain types of fabrics, as well as steam humidifiers that allow you to smooth fabrics without pre-moistening. In addition, the iron can be weighted, also have a sprinkler. It is recommended to clean the iron at least once every 1.5-2 years in order to remove thin fibers of fabric that get inside the iron through the cracks between the body and the sole. These fibers can clog the contacts of the thermostat and burn on the sole, forming a burning smell. When disassembling the iron, it is recommended to tighten all the nuts inside the iron and clean the thermostat contacts, which can be done by stretching a small strip of fine sandpaper between them. Brown plaque, which often appears on the working surface of the iron, can be removed by wiping it with a damp cloth sprinkled with baking soda, and you can protect the iron from contamination by treating its working surface with paraffin: grated paraffin is poured inside a double layer of material and ironed with a slightly heated iron.
And then there are special electrical appliances with a very comfortable name: "appliances of soft warmth." Their purpose is to report warmth to the human body. These are electric blankets, electric blankets, electric bandages, heating pads. They all have the form of ordinary household items, and flexible heating elements are located inside the devices. To prevent burns, the devices are equipped with thermal switches that limit the surface temperature of the product.