Rh blood 2 negative. people of royal blood
Questions of blood compatibility - enough actual topic modern medicine. It acquired its significance with the development of genetics and immunohistochemistry, which were able to substantiate absolutely paradoxical cases in medical practice. After all, sometimes things happen that defy absolutely no logical justification. This happens especially often when determining the compatibility of blood for conception when planning a family, pregnancy or the need for a transfusion. All these paradoxes once again confirm that there is nothing absolute in medicine, since a lot of things are still covered with secrets that humanity has to reveal. But even what is already known deserves close attention.
The basic concept of the Rh factor
The specificity of any organism is determined by a set of proteins or antigens that are part of any tissue. In relation to blood and its erythrocytes, these are their surface antigenic complexes. One of them is the Rh factor or Rh antigen. Depending on its presence, all people are divided into Rh-positive (carriers of the antigen) and Rh-negative (people who do not have the Rh antigen). All life situations that involve the need to mix blood different people are determined by the ability of the blood not to disrupt its structure after such a procedure. In many respects it depends on Rh compatibility.
Important to remember! Compatible blood according to the Rh factor system is that which will be perceived by the body as its own. This means that only blood that is identical in terms of the Rh factor can be so!
Blood compatibility for conception
Family planning is a very correct direction of obstetrics, which has significantly reduced the number of complicated or unwanted pregnancies. This was manifested by the birth of a smaller number of seriously ill children. Today, every woman knows about all the threats that can await her and her child in case of a cold-blooded attitude to some details of proper family planning. One of these details is the compatibility of the blood of sexual partners.
In fact, this topic is a little misunderstood in the media. mass media. Everyone who misunderstood it interprets everything in his own way, spreading unreliable and, most importantly, untrue information. In this regard, it is worth considering the issues of immunological compatibility of spouses and compatibility of the blood of spouses at conception, which were mixed with each other and are discussed as one and the same problem. This sows panic and makes people look for a non-existent truth. Therefore, it is important to understand that:
- The compatibility of spouses when a woman is unable to become pregnant does not depend on the compatibility of blood groups or the Rh factor, but on the immunological compatibility of a woman and a man. This means that antibodies are produced for the components of a particular male sperm in the body of a woman who simply does not perceive it. The group and the Rh factor have nothing to do with it at all;
- An Rh-negative mother can give birth to a child with Rh-positive blood. This can only affect the course of pregnancy and the condition of the fetus, but cannot be regarded as Rh factor incompatibility for conceiving a child;
- A couple with different Rh factors can quite easily have healthy children. It is not necessary to destroy the relationship due to the fact that the Rhesus of the mother and fetus can potentially be incompatible. But you should definitely follow the recommendations in the framework of family planning, which will be pointed out by specialists. Some of these recommendations are given in the next section.
It is impossible to reliably predict the development of Rh-conflict pregnancy
Blood compatibility during pregnancy
If a married couple has decided on pregnancy, they must follow this process from the planning stage to the birth of a child. With regard to the potential for Rhesus conflict during pregnancy, the following should be alert:
- Married couples in which the woman is Rh-negative and the man is Rh-positive. The maximum probability of a conflict pregnancy is 50% if the partner is homozygous (each of the chromosomes of one pair encodes the Rh antigen) and 25% if it is heterozygous (Rhesus is encoded by only one chromosome of the pair);
- Spouses whose blood mixing is potentially capable of ending with an Rh-conflict pregnancy, with previous pregnancies and childbirth. Their favorable outcome does not mean anything. On the contrary, the likelihood of developing maternal and fetal blood incompatibility increases with each subsequent pregnancy.
Blood group compatibility and Rh factor compatibility table with possible options his inheritance by the child.
Rh factor of the mother | Father's Rh factor | The probability of Rh belonging to the child | The likelihood of Rh-conflict pregnancy |
Positive | Positive | If the parents are homozygous - 100% positive; If parents are heterozygous - 50% positive; If one of the spouses is homozygous, and the second is heterozygous - 75% positive. | |
Positive | Negative | If the partner is Rh positive or the partner is homozygous for Rh - 50% positive; If heterozygous - 25% positive. | The probability of a conflict developing does not exceed 50% |
Negative | Positive | ||
Negative | Negative | The blood of the child in 100% of cases will be Rh-negative. | Conflict pregnancy does not occur |
Note: A homozygous is a person who contains identical genes on similar chromosomes. They, getting into the composition of the chromosome set of the fetus, will unambiguously encode the synthesis of the Rh factor. A heterozygote contains such a gene only in one of the chromosomes, which significantly reduces the risk of its inheritance.
Important to remember!!!
- The blood of an Rh-positive mother is compatible with any fetal blood;
- The probability of a conflict in the Rh system is possible only in mothers with Rh-negative blood and does not exceed 50%;
- The inheritance of the Rh factor by a child depends not only on the actual Rh of the parents, but also on the set of genes that did not manifest themselves, but were inherited by the child.
Donor compatibility
Despite all modern concepts and the desire of physicians to avoid transfusion of blood and its components, in practice this is not feasible. After all, thousands of situations arise every day when only these drugs can save a person's life. One of the main postulates in this regard is the determination of the compatibility of the blood of the donor and the recipient. Indeed, otherwise, inappropriate blood will not only not help, but will also cause the death of the patient.
With regard to donor compatibility, only erythrocyte preparations (erythrocyte mass and washed erythrocytes) are considered. Before direct blood transfusion, blood group compatibility and Rh compatibility are determined. In the classic version, only blood with an identical Rh factor and group is considered absolutely compatible. But this rule does not always work in practice. In some situations where an emergency blood transfusion is required in a matter of minutes, there is no time to determine compatibility. The only salvation is the transfusion of whole blood or red blood cells on the principle of hypothetical compatibility. Its options are given in the form of a table.
Donor Recipient | First | Second | Third | Fourth |
First 0(I) | Compatible | Incompatible | Incompatible | Incompatible |
Second A (II) | Compatible | Compatible | Incompatible | Incompatible |
Third B(III) | Compatible | Incompatible | Compatible | Incompatible |
Fourth AB(IV) | Compatible | Compatible | Compatible | Compatible |
The following practical conclusions can be drawn from the table:
- People with the first blood group are universal donors, but they themselves can only become recipients of blood of the first group;
- People with the fourth blood group are a universal recipient, although they themselves can only be donors for people with the fourth group;
- Donor compatibility is possible only if the donor's erythrocytes do not contain the appropriate antibodies that will cause their destruction after transfusion.
Important to remember! Blood compatibility for the Rh factor is determined only in two ways, regardless of group affiliation: people with Rh-negative blood can only be transfused with Rh-negative blood. People with Rh-positive blood can become recipients of blood from both Rh-positive and Rh-negative donors!
We determine the character by blood groupA hundred years ago, Karl Landsteiner made a sensational discovery, saying that blood can be of different types, for which he received the Nobel Prize. Since then, according to the characteristics of the plasma and the content of red blood cells in it, the following blood groups have been distinguished in people: the first - I (0), the second - II (A), the third - III (B) and the fourth - IV (AB). Doctors today have no doubt that there is a special relationship between blood type, Rh factor, hair color, iris and face shape. Japanese scientists in their studies were ahead of everyone, arguing that there is a direct relationship between the character and the blood type of a person. When applying for a job in the restaurant business in Japan, preference is given to people with II-(A) blood group, they consider them the most resistant to stress, honest and respectable. However, they try to appoint people with I- (0) blood type to the position of leader, as they are distinguished by perseverance, have great energy and willpower. But finding a life partner is most difficult for people with III-(B) blood group, as they are too independent and freedom-loving, fickle in tastes and moods. Based on studies of more than millions of people, the Japanese scientist Toshitaka Nomi, whose father was the first to put forward the theory of addiction character of a person from a blood group, wrote a book: "You and your blood type", in which he described in detail the behavior and character of people with different blood types, also mentioning in it recommendations on how they should act in a given situation.
Here is how people are characterized in the book depending on the blood type:
I blood group. Having I blood type, you can appreciate such positive features his character, as endurance, ability to work and vigor. People with the I blood group are directed forward, and by all means, they try to achieve their intended goal. . They experience an ineradicable thirst for power, but they also respect power, because ... someday they themselves hope to become it. They usually set goals for themselves at the beginning of life and go towards them with the greatest concentration at the age of 30 - 39 years. Before that, they can change many different professions, but when they reach middle age, they become like “homing bombs”, inexorably moving towards prey. And this is another reason why people with the first blood type can become great leaders: they believe in themselves. Maybe their decisions are not always the best, but they are able to accept them in situations where anyone else folds. However, these people have excellent intuition, especially when it comes to distinguishing between significant and secondary. They are able to skillfully divide the world according to their plan and dominate it. People with the first blood type are excellent at managing money and making the right financial decisions. Most famous economists in the world have the first blood type.
Among other things, people with the first blood group are very concerned about their health. They can easily quit smoking, drinking, and other bad habits when they see that they are harming themselves. They have a strong sense of self-preservation. However, they also have weaknesses, which, however, are not deprived of each of us. Representatives of this group are overly fussy, jealous and ambitious. notorious leaders also have several serious flaws, which - alas! - significantly reduce their achievements.The desire to reach the top at any cost often leads to insensitivity, so people with the first blood type can be cold and inconsiderate to others and often earn a reputation as rude. And they also like to teach, while they themselves are not to the liking of criticism. Such people need to be very delicate in pointing out mistakes, because, usually emotionally stable, they turn into real monsters in such situations.
There are many leaders and leaders among people with blood type I, including former presidents Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, the British Queen Elizabeth II and her son Charles the Prince of Wales.
II blood group. As a rule, people with the second blood type are refined personalities. They are the most decent and law-abiding of all. Their houses are well-groomed, their clothes are elegant, and their hair is neat. People with II blood group are distinguished by calmness of character, accuracy and diligence. They are friendly and
patient. Representatives of this blood type do not like to enter into conflicts, so it is better for them to work under someone else's guidance. At heart they are romantics, but at times they can also be irritable and stubborn. People with II blood group try to do things so that everyone is happy. As you know, it is not realistic to achieve this, so they are often dissatisfied with life. But to say that there are no leaders among them is wrong. Some representatives of this group get to the very top and patiently "unravel the knots" in search of the right solution to get out of difficult situations. An example of such leaders is ex-president USA Richard Nixon, Lyndon Jackson and Jimmy Carter. But due to the lack of those qualities of character that people with the I blood group have, these leaders could not hold out in power for a long time. Adolf Hitler also possessed blood type II, which, according to scientists, was an aberration. After all, Hitler was obsessed with manic ideas, which was nothing more than a nightmare and delirium that arose in the head of a mutant with blood type II.
They are the ones who will definitely offer women and children to go first into the lifeboats if there are not enough places for all the passengers of the sinking ship.
However, there is a funny and interesting detail that characterizes people with the second blood type: their self-control evaporates easily when no one is watching them. A person who just gracefully gave up his seat in a lifeboat in full view of everyone will instantly steal that same lifeboat and sail away on it alone when no one is watching!
People with the second blood group are the most vulnerable among all, and they are offended even over trifles. And if you once hurt their feelings for real, get ready to spend nine lives to make amends. Self-control always keeps people with the second blood type within the bounds of decency. Except when alcohol interferes, then they are capable of anything. People with the second blood type are usually introverts, and their politeness, impeccable appearance and refined manners are a kind of way to keep other people at a distance and not let them interfere in their affairs.
However, if you manage to get into inner world a person with a second blood type, then you will not be disappointed. These people are very loyal and considerate friends. They strive for longevity and reliability in everything - both in friendship and in cooperation.
III blood group. The most important values in life for people with III blood group are freedom and independence. Representatives of the III blood group do not like to listen to someone else's opinion and act as they please. They often master creative professions, they have a very rich imagination and remarkable abilities. People with the third blood type have the highest coefficient of flexibility in all situations. They make great detectives - almost the same as Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes. A penetrating mind helps them solve any problem better than others and quickly find a way out of an impasse. People with III blood group are more tolerant, sociable and balanced. They are better than representatives of other groups, able to show sympathy and empathy. Balance, harmony and energy - distinctive features character of people with the third blood group. Most representatives of the III blood group are very successful people, and by nationality - there are many of them among the Jews.
But there is also a negative side - flouting the rules, people with the third blood type often ignore any social norms and can indulge in anarchy and unrest. By the way, for the same reason they are bad team players, and it is advisable for them to stay away from situations where anonymous work in a team is the norm.
But the heroes of all times and peoples were probably people with the third blood group. Extremely decisive and strong personalities of people with the third blood group make creativity and instant reaction. Their ability to concentrate is truly impressive. On the other hand, their ability to focus on one thing often makes them inattentive to the rest. This is the classic professorial absent-mindedness syndrome: not seeing the forest for the trees.
People with the third blood group differ from others in their originality. In a relationship, they initially keep their distance, but after that they always find ways to make friends. However, being a friend of such a person is much more difficult than it might seem at first glance. These people are quite emotional, eccentric and selfish. Fortunately, they have a kind safety valve: Their extreme emotionality is usually short-lived. And if this person does not kill you in the first moments of a quarrel, then it’s no longer scary. These people are quick-witted and do not know how to hold a grudge against anyone. In addition, they are completely unsophisticated and do not know how to lie. So, if you have enough patience, you will see: a relationship with a person with a third blood type, although unstable, is always worthwhile.
These people are usually the noisiest partygoers, but, surprisingly, they are the least affected by alcohol. Rejoice if you are invited to dinner with a person with a third blood group. They are the best chefs. In Japanese restaurants, there is even an unspoken rule according to which you should choose a chef with a third blood group. In this case, restaurant visitors can be sure that they will not only good food, but a real feast.
IV blood group. In the world of people with the fourth blood group, no more than 5% are found. People of the fourth blood group have an unusually high intuition, are prone to mysticism and mystery. Japanese scientists say: representatives of this blood type can be found among fortune tellers, clairvoyants and mediums. Many of them are religious leaders. The famous Marilyn Monroe and US President John F. Kennedy had this blood type. Many people want to be friends with people who have an IV blood group, because it is easy to get along with them. They are distinguished by honesty, tact and the ability to build relationships. Thanks to their innate ability for diplomacy, they easily adapt to a new team. At the same time, people with the fourth blood group have brilliant abilities to organize and coordinate the forces of the team, which makes them natural leaders in any organization. People with the fourth blood group occupy the first positions in the list persons of trustworthy character. They are hardy workers who are not afraid of stress.
They do not like being flattered or deceived. They have excellent analytical skills. If you want to win their friendship or get their attention, communicate with them clearly, directly and logically. The downside of the above qualities is that people with the fourth blood type work in a team only as long as everything goes smoothly. In other words, they are not of those who sink with the ship. In cases of "shipwreck" they are quite capable of changing the country, company and even religion.
People with the fourth blood type get angry very rarely, but when it does, they become unrestrained in their anger. They are like sleeping tigers: You can spend years teasing them with complete impunity, but watch out when they wake up! They are very frivolous about their health, but very cheerful and viable, all the sores on them heal like on dogs. They don't know how to drink alcohol. they are crazy about him. Their weaknesses include a passion for good food, a love of expensive clothes, luxury cars and exotic toys - they are extravagant, but, nevertheless, not greedy. However, the greatest weakness of people with the fourth blood group is to sleep. For them, it is a necessity, not a luxury. They should not be allowed to drive late at night or when they are asleep. But let them take a nap for 15-20 minutes and they will be the same strong people with the fourth blood group.
They are incurable romantics. Despite their organized approach to life, there is always a place for exploits, fantasies and romantic stories in which they constantly strive to get into. Their imagination is vital and, when given free rein, people with the fourth blood group become truly passionate partners in love.
The weakness of the representatives of this group is indecision and low self-esteem. It is not easy for them to make a responsible decision or change their habitual way of life. According to the statements of some scientists, the blood of group IV flowed through the blood vessels of Jesus Christ himself. Of course, all this suggests that people with IV blood group are the most charming and interesting personalities.
When deciding to conceive a baby, many young couples try to take into account all possible nuances. The key task is to create conditions for the child to be born healthy. To do this, before conception, it is worth going through all possible examinations, finding out the blood group of future parents. Let's see if the Rh factor and the blood type of a couple can be incompatible, and how this fact affects the conception and gender of the child.
When lovers plan to have a baby, they must carefully think through everything, prepare and be sure to pass an analysis for blood type compatibility.
What effect does blood type compatibility have on conception?
Each blood type has an international designation. The first is 0, the second is A, the third is B, the fourth is AB. This classification system is called AB0 and indicates the presence of specific enzymes in the blood. They are not only in group 0 (first).
In this case, the child can inherit the blood type of the mother, father, or have their own. You can calculate probabilistic indicators using special tables. For example, a woman and a man have the first group - the child will also receive the first. If mom has the first, and dad has the second, the baby can have both the first and the second.
What blood groups are considered incompatible? None of the combinations prevents conception and does not affect the gender of the crumbs. However, a conflict in the AB0 system sometimes occurs, but it manifests itself only with a small jaundice of the newborn. Also, pregnant women note manifestations of toxicosis - morning sickness and weakness.
In addition, according to some estimates, there is an influence of the blood type of parents on the growth and development of the baby. For example, there is an observation that health is stronger in those children whose mom and dad have different blood types. At the same time, it is desirable that a woman has a lower figure than a man.
Rh incompatibility
In addition to the blood type, the Rh factor matters. This refers to the presence of a special protein (D) on the surface of red blood cells. Those people who have this protein have a positive Rh, for the rest, this indicator is considered negative.
The Rh factor of the future baby can be predicted only in one case - if it is negative for mom and dad, it will be the same for the child. In other combinations, this protein in a baby may be determined, or may be absent.
Rh incompatibility of mother and baby occurs when a woman has a negative Rh, and a child has a positive one. In this case, the likelihood that the mother's immunity will perceive the Rh-positive baby as a foreign organism is high.
However, even then the pregnancy can pass without complications. Much depends on whether the mother's body was previously familiar with these antigens - proteins that are determined on the surface of the red blood cells of Rh-positive people. This "acquaintance" is called sensitization, and it can occur during a previous pregnancy, abortion, blood transfusion, etc.
If the woman's immunity has already developed in relation to this specific protein (antigen D), it can attack the baby when his blood enters through the placenta. This can happen already in the last months of pregnancy, when the permeability of the placenta increases significantly. Sometimes "acquaintance" occurs at the time of childbirth, which also requires the attention of a specialist.
The consequences of an immunological conflict are hemolytic disease of the newborn (we recommend reading:). This condition is accompanied by a massive breakdown of red blood cells and the accumulation of bilirubin in the tissues and organs of the baby. This component of bile can penetrate the heart and brain, causing irreparable damage. The course of the disease can be quite severe and lead to death.
What to do if there is an Rhesus conflict?
Despite the likelihood of a Rh conflict, a mother with a lack of D antigen has the opportunity to avoid trouble and risk to the health of the baby. There are various ways to prevent pregnancy complications. It is important to register with the LCD in a timely manner and fulfill the appointments of an obstetrician-gynecologist.
To begin with, experts determine how high the risk is that the mother's immune cells will harm the child. For this, the entire period of pregnancy, the expectant mother regularly donates blood for analysis, which determines the presence of antibodies. Title 1:4 already indicates an immunological conflict. If the result shows 1:64, the doctor will suggest an early delivery to avoid the baby getting sick.
In the presence of a Rh conflict, a woman is immunized at the 28th week of pregnancy
The next stage is the immunization of the mother at 28 weeks. A woman is shown an intramuscular injection of a special type of immunoglobulin (anti-D gamma globulin). These antigens destroy the erythrocytes of the fetus, which have penetrated the placenta into the mother's body before the moment when her immunity has time to respond to them.
Immunization is required when antibodies are not detected in the patient's blood. Otherwise, its effectiveness will be zero.
Table for determining the blood type of the unborn child
We mentioned that there are ways to predict the likely blood type of an unborn child. Our table will help to guess which group the baby will have, but it will not give a 100% answer.
Blood type (1 parent) | Blood type (2nd parent) | Child's blood type, % probability | |||
25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
I(0) | I(A) | I | |||
I(0) | II(A) | I, II | |||
I(0) | III(V) | I, III | |||
I(0) | IV(AB) | II, III | |||
II(A) | II(A) | I | II | ||
II(A) | III(V) | I, II, III, IV | |||
II(A) | IV(AB) | III, IV | II | ||
III(V) | III(V) | I | III | ||
III(V) | IV(AB) | II, IV | III | ||
IV(AB) | IV(AB) | II, III | IV |
As can be seen from the table, in almost all cases (except one - when mom and dad have 1 group), 2 or more options are acceptable. The greatest number of variations in a child in whom both parents have group 3 - a baby can be born both with 1 and with 2, 3 or 4. Only laboratory tests can give a guaranteed correct answer.
If the mother is Rh positive
Geneticists and obstetricians claim that a positive mother's Rh factor is guaranteed to avoid the development of hemolytic disease in a child.
Despite the fact that the blood of the baby and his mother may not match in Rhesus, you should not worry about the development of an immunological conflict.
Two scenarios are acceptable - the child will be Rh positive or Rh negative:
- in the first case, almost complete compatibility is determined - the mother's immunity will perceive a specific protein in the blood of the fetus as already familiar;
- in the second, the blood of the crumbs will generally be without an antigen that can cause an immunological response.
If the mother is Rh negative
If the expectant mother has a negative Rh factor, she will need to undergo an additional examination. It is believed that the Rh factor in the fetus is finally formed by the 3rd month. The problem arises only if the crumbs have a positive Rh, but it is almost impossible to know for sure. The penetration of particles of the baby's blood through the placenta can provoke an immunological conflict, and then the baby will be seriously affected.
Signs of hemolytic disease are diagnosed by ultrasound
The doctor in the antenatal clinic closely monitors the condition of such a patient and her child using various methods:
- ultrasound. Ultrasound examination helps to see at an early stage signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn - an increase in his liver, thickening of the placenta, polyhydramnios.
- Dopplerography. This type of examination is a type of ultrasound. It allows you to assess the blood flow in the cerebral artery, to see other pathologies.
- Examination of pregnant women's blood for antibodies. An important indicator is not only their number, but also the dynamics. If the concentration of antibodies is rising, there is cause for alarm.
- Sometimes a puncture of the amniotic fluid and a study of cord blood for bilirubin are performed (see also:). This is shown only in critical situations, since the procedure can cause premature birth of the baby.
Can the incompatibility be cured?
As we have already found out, the problem in the compatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus can only be in the presence of a Rh conflict. Experts say that the Rh factor is lifelong and cannot change. However, there is a category of people with a “weakly positive” factor in whom the presence of the D antigen is not always easy to detect. It is these people who can find out that their Rh factor was determined incorrectly.
The Rh factor of a person cannot be changed, so women with a negative Rh need to be observed by a doctor throughout their pregnancy.
In this regard, it is impossible to achieve compatibility between the blood of the mother and the child. You can only carry out prophylaxis (introduction of antigen) and monitor the condition of the pregnant woman and the fetus. In critical cases, the following measures are possible:
- exchange transfusion of blood to a child in the womb;
- plasmapheresis - cleaning the blood of a pregnant woman from antibodies;
- stimulation of labor for a period of 36 weeks.
There are other ways to eliminate the consequences of incompatibility. For example, intravenous administration of glucose and a number of special solutions.
How to get around the problem?
According to experts, the risk of developing hemolytic disease of the newborn increases with subsequent pregnancies of an Rh-negative patient. During childbirth, particles of fetal blood can enter the mother's blood, which allows the woman's body to develop immunity against an unfamiliar blood protein.
To avoid this, it is advisable to plan pregnancy in advance. If the husband's Rh factor is determined to be weakly positive, IVF is recommended in special cases. From ready-made embryos grown in a test tube, Rh-negative is selected and placed in the woman's uterus.
A significant moment is the postpartum injection of immunoglobulin. In this case, the risk of complications in subsequent births is significantly reduced. Anti-D globulin should be administered within 72 hours after the baby is born.
The blood group is usually called the presence or absence of certain agglutinogens on the erythrocyte membrane. This circumstance is used in transfusion medicine for blood transfusion or organ transplantation.
Groups
What is the AB0 system?
The AB0 system was developed by Karl Landsteiner at the beginning of the 20th century. When mixing blood samples, he noticed that some of them agglutinated, while others did not. A little later, he discovered glycoproteins called agglutinogens, which were located on the surface of red blood cells.
AB0
All mammals have antigen 0, a glycan bound to the plasma membrane, on their red blood cells. It consists of two glucid residues: N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose. To the latter, a fucose residue is added, leading to the formation of the H antigen. This structure is further modified by glycosyltransferases, which leads to the addition of glucid residues with the formation of various antigens. Group 0 individuals lack enzymes and therefore possess the H antigen.
According to the AB0 system, 4 GCs were identified:
- Type 0 - agglutinogen H present, no A/B;
- Type A - only A antigens;
- Type B - only B antigens;
- Type AB contains both A and B antigens.
GC inheritance is controlled by a single gene with three alleles: 0, A, and B. People who inherit two 00 alleles are type 0; AA or A0 results in A types; and BB or B0 result in B types. AB individuals have both genotypes because the ratio between A and B alleles is codominant (husband and wife have both). Therefore, it is impossible for an AB parent to have a type 0 child, except for a rare genetic phenomenon, the Bombay phenomenon. Alleles A and B are dominant (from both father and mother), and 0 is recessive.
Attention! It is worth noting that GK A and B have varieties: A1, A2 and B1, B2. Allocate A2B4, A2B and other subgroups.
What is blood compatibility?
Agglutinogens and agglutinins limit the ability to transfuse blood to other people with bleeding. Only in the following order is hemotransfusion possible:
- Group 0 Rh-: In the absence of erythrocyte antigens and Rh factor, this blood type will suit almost all patients. The presence of both agglutinins in plasma causes people with this HA to receive only Rh- blood. It is generally accepted that group 0 Rh- "can be transmitted to everyone", but this is not always the case, because - in the case of patients with polysaccharides - many other antigen systems (Lewis, MNS, P, I, Duffy and others) are potentially present in the donor's blood and the recipient may develop a reaction due to previous transfusions.
- Group 0 Rh+: Rh positive limits the transfusion of this blood type to people with Rh+, regardless of GC. People with this GC are transfused with biomaterial only from group 0 (Rh + or Rh-).
- A1- and A2- blood group: The A antigen allows this blood to be donated to the A or AB group of people. People with this group, given the presence of beta-agglutinin in plasma, can only receive blood from group A- or 0-;
- A1+ and A2+ GCs: can transfuse A+ or AB+ people and receive them from 0 and A, regardless of Rh factor;
- Group B Rh-: The presence of the B antigen causes this blood to only be passed on to the B and AB group of people. Plasma alpha agglutinin causes people with this type to only take blood from the 0- or B- group;
- The B Rh+ group can donate B+ and AB+ blood and receive it from 0 and B, regardless of the Rh factor;
- Group AB Rh- can only donate blood to group AB, given the presence of both antigens in red blood cells. The absence of agglutinin allows those with blood in this group to receive it from all Rh negative groups;
- AB Rh+ can transmit blood to people with AB+ blood, but is capable of becoming a recipient of all groups, regardless of the Rh factor.
Based on the above blood values, we can say that the first group fits the description of a "universal" donor, and the latter has the feature of a "universal" recipient.
Rh
Important! Sometimes there is a condition called blood incompatibility. A similar phenomenon occurs during pregnancy in women with Rh-negative blood, while the man with whom conception occurred -Rh-positive, and passed this characteristic to the fetus. Therefore, future fathers and mothers must, even when planning, undergo an examination, take tests for compatibility.
Second positive GC: characteristic
Many non-scientific sources give the GC descriptive designations: "hunter" (I), "farmer" (ll), "nomad" (III) and "enigma" (IV). Depending on the type, they are assigned different characteristics. Blood type 2 (Rhesus positive) refers to the type of "farmer".
Such people are usually not very tall, and the lower limbs are shorter than the upper ones. Their genes inhibit the activity of insulin-like growth factors both in the womb and in early childhood. Growth factors are molecules that are involved in many key aspects of development. Among their many functions, they cause elongation of the bones of the lower extremities.
Farmer guys are endomorphic, which does not mean that they are predisposed to obesity. Endomorphic types have a larger percentage of endoderm tissue - the inner germ layer. Endomorphs can easily overeat, but this does not in itself lead to a state of obesity. Anyone can become fat with the wrong lifestyle - even an ectomorph, which is most often considered long and skinny.
Endomorphs
Second GK (Rh-positive): characteristic of origin
Farmers come from African macrogroups A and B. Haplogroup B is found in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the tropical forests of West and Central Africa. It contains macrogroups C and F. Like Mu, Tau contains D and E groups with YAP polymorphism, although the E haplogroup is a significantly more common haplogroup in the genotypes of African farmers.
Africa
E3a is thought to be related to a group that spread agriculture across central and southern Africa over the past 3,000 years. Bantu culture was the spreading agent of this agricultural revolution. Another variant of the haplogroup of the genotype of farmers is the Y-haplogroup, which has the highest prevalence among Europeans.
GK 2 positive: characteristics of a person, single nucleotide polymorphisms and his health
These gene polymorphisms may be of particular interest in medical science:
- LPL: Polymorphisms of this gene are associated with many disorders of lipoprotein metabolism;
- PPAR: This gene may be involved in the control of blood pressure, the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, and the development of obesity. It may also play a role in proper memory function;
- ACE-11: This nucleotide sequence encodes an enzyme involved in the catalysis of the conversion of angiotensin I to the physiologically active peptide angiotensin II. Angiotensin II controls blood pressure and fluid electrolyte balance;
- APOC3: This gene codes for Apolipoprotein C-III, a very low density lipoprotein protein. APOC3 inhibits lipoprotein lipase and liver lipase; it is believed to delay the catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles. Plays an important role in the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The metabolic economy of farmers is due to nutrient deficiencies in ancient times. It does not fit the lifestyle of the modern industrialized world with its rich and inexpensive carbohydrates and fats.
The vast majority of these excess carbohydrates and fats are removed from the bloodstream and stored as triglycerides and glycerol. However, individuals with the second group of Rh-positive quickly convert sugar into fat, which leads to long-term hypoglycemia. Therefore, they most often suffer from two problems: losing weight and enjoying food.
hypoglycemia
This eventually destroys the relationship between food and appetite to the point where the farmer starts eating just to feel better. This leads to chronic and serious disorders. Group 2 people with a farmer characteristic can easily get dysregulation of carbohydrates and insulin sensitivity leading to metabolic syndrome X and prediabetes. After a certain time, this leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
What diet to follow
The key to a successful diet for people with a farming characteristic and 2 Rh-positive HA is to reduce the amount of fructose in the diet. Fructose is recommended for diabetics because its glycemic index is much lower than that of glucose, sucrose and starch. But it has been suggested that excess fructose intake can cause insulin resistance, obesity, elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome.
A number of reports point to a link between fructose consumption and obesity, especially central obesity, which is generally considered the most dangerous type. Unlike glucose, fructose is almost completely metabolized in the liver. The addition of single sugar molecules (fructose, glucose) to proteins leads to the stimulation of tissue glycation and the formation of AGE, which becomes possible cause cause damage to the pancreas.
Fructose appears to be just as dangerous as glucose in this regard, and thus is not the best sugar substitute. So vegetarians are also advised to avoid taking this monosaccharide.
Fructose
Advice! Most of fructose is consumed in the form of corn syrup, which is processed by glucose isomerase enzymes. This enzyme converts some of the glucose into fructose, thereby making it sweeter. Farmers should avoid food products containing corn syrup (ketchups, jams, confectionery) in the daily menu.
health risks
People with a second positive GC may suffer from:
- low immunity due to infections, stress, malnutrition and improper physical activity;
- increased blood clotting;
- tendency to form blood clots;
- impaired protein and fat absorption;
- low stomach acid.
Thrombus risk
Given the above "side effects", it can be argued that the owners of such a HA are prone to:
- pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
- allergies;
- food infections;
- malignant neoplasms.
Compatibility at conception
The compatibility of HA and the Rh factor has a strong influence on the conception and successful bearing of a child. If both partners have a second GC, then the child can be born with the first. If one parent has a second, and the other has a third, then the child can have any group.
The second blood type with negative Rh, like the first, appeared a very long time ago. Even in those distant hours, when a person was only engaged in hunting. It is believed that it was precisely when a person changed the type of activity and began to engage in hunting and farming that a negative one arose. Now it is quite common on the planet.
It is generally accepted that it plays almost the main role in the life of a person's blood group, but this statement is not true. Yes, Rh is very important for indications, but how one or another blood type is combined with others, whether it is compatible or not, is much more important. There are four in nature and each corresponds to a certain type of person. There are recommendations on which products are more suitable for representatives of a particular blood group, what kind of work to choose, which sports are more suitable and even possible. Today we are talking about the owners of the second negative blood group.
Blood type 2 is negative and is very common. There are studies that representatives of these two groups prevail on the planet. It will not be difficult for them to find a recipient or blood for themselves, since the likelihood of compatibility is very high.
The second, like other blood groups, has a negative and positive Rh factor. Rhesus is a protein that is on the surface. If it is - the Rh factor is positive, if not - it turns out that it is negative. You need to know your Rh factor, because it is of great importance during a blood transfusion. Yes, and for other cases it is necessary.
In ancient times, no one thought about the blood type, Rhesus and other things, and therefore they could transfuse any kind of blood without thinking about. Now it is strictly prohibited. When transfusing blood, it is necessary to take into account all, all indicators, so that the blood type of the donor and recipient match.
It has already been said that representatives of the second blood group in ancient times were engaged in agriculture and therefore their digestive system is significantly different. For example, it is able to process carbohydrates better than fats and proteins. From this it follows that the owners of the 2nd blood group prefer to consume more vegetables and fruits, and meat and proteins are undesirable for their stomach.
AT modern world few people think about it, and they use what they like, and not what they need. Hence, there are problems with excess weight and health.
Representatives of the 2nd negative blood group are more susceptible than others. It can be difficult for them even with small loads.
Physical exercise should be done regularly. Considering all these factors, the diet of blood type 2 negative should consist of plant foods.
Whole milk should generally be excluded from the diet. In any case, its use should be kept to a minimum. The basis of the diet should be fruits and vegetables. In addition, you can exclude meat. But the body needs protein, meat needs to be replaced with fish.
For lovers of dairy products, it can be recommended to use not milk, but fermented baked milk or kefir. If you want, you can find a way out of any situation. And if you can not use any product, you can always find a replacement for it. After all, sticking to does not mean that you need to exclude some products from the menu. You just need to minimize their use.
For owners of blood type 2, the main thing is not to eat a lot of fat. But fish with vegetables can be at least every day.
The diet can be varied. On certain days there is fish, and on other days more vegetables, not forgetting, of course, meat.
It has already been said that for representatives of the 2nd blood group it is important to replace one product with another in the diet. For example, meat for fish. And fatty varieties. And legumes can fill the body's need for protein. Or cereals.
For a diet for individual foods, seeds and nuts are also useful. Nuts can be different types and varieties. But it is better to choose walnuts, hazelnuts or pistachios. Nuts can be present in the diet as a separate type of food. They should be taken separately, after an afternoon snack or other meal. After all, it is in them that there are those substances useful for group 2 that are responsible for Good work hearts. Nuts are recommended for everyone, but especially for children, as well as for older people.
People with type 2 blood need to eat a lot of broccoli, carrots, spinach. It is not only tasty and healthy, it will also help to reduce excess weight and slim figure. And to combine such healthy foods like banana, burgundy beans, corn, potatoes and tomatoes are not allowed at all. They will help create excess weight, and then obesity in the future. And it doesn’t matter at all what Rh factor the blood type has.
Compliance is of great importance for everyone, the well-being of a person, his performance, health depends on it. Therefore, it is imperative to know which foods are suitable for your blood type, and which are better to refrain from. You can eat lean meat. This is turkey and chicken meat.
Choose dairy products (yogurt and kefir). Pumpkin seeds and walnuts will help every day. From legumes, beans and soy can be recommended. Fruits and vegetables should be in the diet, so do not forget about spinach, strawberries, cranberries, peas and lemon. From this set you can make a complete menu for every day. Eggs, meat, kefir can be consumed for breakfast and lunch. Fruits are best eaten in snacks, between meals. Dinner should be light.
Breakfast, according to tradition, should be dense, because during the day the body will use up all the energy. This is important for everyone. An exception cannot be representatives of the 2nd blood group, Rh negative. Much has been said about foods that are good for the body. Now let's talk about drinks.
It is better to drink, of course, juices. Pineapple, cherry, grapefruit, carrot. The choice is there and the choice is delicious. Juices contribute to the normalization of metabolism in the body, normalize weight. Especially in this regard, it is good to use grapefruit juice.
Coffee lovers are in for a treat. After all, drinking coffee is healthy. choose good grade coffee and enjoy. As for tea, green, white, red and various fruit teas are recommended. But by no means black. Look out. This can negatively affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels.
Of the harmful foods that can not be consumed for the second negative blood group, you can make a whole list. It is undesirable to see quail eggs, apples, pears, raisins, salted fish, cucumbers, mayonnaise on your table, Bell pepper, persimmon and champignons. These products may not be compatible for group 2 people with a negative Rh factor. Their use can cause unwanted pain, indigestion, pain in the digestive tract, and excess weight. And sticking to a diet in this case is simply necessary, because we are talking about health.
Physical exercise and sports
Probably no one will argue about how important it is to play sports. This is especially true with age. The body begins to get sick more, decrepit, and it needs our help. You can choose any type of physical activity that you like. And this does not require expensive gyms and a lot of time. The main thing is to want and start doing exercises.