Rhetoric as a science: what is it, meaning, subject, what is it for. Late Antique and Medieval Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of talking to people. It would be ok, what's foldable here? Yakshcho, obviously, the topic is known, that audience understands the language of the speaker. The problem is that people like to talk and not like to hear. And so the stench brought respect to what was said, it is necessary to remember the zatsikaviti. Buy your promo.
History of oratory
The art of rhetoric is one of the oldest. As soon as people learned to speak, as soon as another signal system was formed, so suddenly the need for victoriousness was as short and efficient as possible. Adzhe oratorian art - it’s not just about speaking beautifully.
It’s more and more important to reconsider, to entice people to rob those that are necessary for the speaker, and not those who stench were chosen. Tse is power. In ancient Greece, the oratorical art was taught in a general language order. It was important that the consecrated person is guilty of speaking - just like he is guilty of writing. In Ancient Rome, it was respected that a man of the gentry's campaign was guilty of being a politician, or a warrior, or a lawyer. You can’t do without smartness to speak clearly and hoarsely.
Who needs to speak beautifully?
Today, obviously, rhetoric is not included in the translation of shoes and language objects. Ale, there are a lot of professions, in which I will become a guide. Those who work with people are guilty of explaining in an accessible and clear way, reconciliation and bringing. Pedagogical rhetoric is the faculty of the teacher to present the material in a hushed manner, to concentrate the respect of the students on the necessary moments. A well-informed lecture is not only easier to remember, it’s even simpler for the speaker himself. It is not necessary to shout, straining ties, it is not necessary to get angry and nervous. Aje audience and so to catch the skin of the word of the teacher, and not to the one who is afraid of punishment, but to the one who cries. Pedagogical rhetoric, mastered and practiced in the world, to help both teachers and students.
The basis of the movie - the plan
It is necessary to remember that rhetoric is not only smart enough to speak beautifully. The whole mysticism is a string, think logically.
Without smart structurization of the language, without a clear plan based on the last, lingering theses, it is impossible to speak arbitrarily and sensibly. Viviren lies at the basis of the most emotional speech, the concept is thought out. In a different way, the speaker is often stupidly repeating himself, eating important facts and stammering.
One more moment, without intermediary po’yazani z uminny splkuvatisya with the audience of not po’yazani — diction. Listeners should concentrate on the speech, and not be challenged by the need to choose the unfamiliar vimov lecturer.
It seems, Demosthenes, to achieve an ideal speech, training in oratorical art, putting a sprat of kaminchiks in your mouth. It sounds funny, but it’s not a bad way to correct diction - obviously, there are a lot of serious problems, which will require the help of a fahivtsya. Well, zvichayno, koromovki. Їх navit announcers win for training.
The public is not afraid
Rhetoric is a conversation, not a reading of a text from a page. Movu needs to be read into memory, moreover, practice until the feast until they sound out, like a free improvisation - it’s easy and without zusil. There is nothing more foldable, lower creation of the illusion of innocence. The lightest grace of ballerinas is the result of majestic practice.
Train regularly. On relatives, on friends, on beloved dogs - you’ll definitely hear from the clique, to inspire you to tell the same dozen times. When the sound of a voice appears, speak easily and smoothly, without fussing, it will be easier to speak in public.
For the rich, the problem itself lies in the fact that standing in front of people, standing up is a process of fearfulness, nervousness. Here practice will help. You can try to perform at the Batkiv gatherings, at the awards in front of the team, say a small promotion at the corporate party. For a while there will be no one and no relatives, but all the same, you know, kind people. In such minds, it will be easier to call to the respect of the public.
Listener Orientation
The basics of rhetoric are allowed to be smarter in structuring the language and to inform the audience. It is necessary to learn how to write a plan and fill in paragraphs and fragments of the text in order to achieve a valid recognition.
Mova, rozrakhovana on miners - zovsіm not the same, scho speech, which will be played for the sake of directors. On the right, we understand not that someone is better, but stronger. It’s just that these audiences have different interests, different tastes. The speaker is guilty of vrakhovuvati, putting together a synopsis of promo. With the same basis, such performances include various different benefits, various applications. An intelligent audience is unlikely to appreciate the expressiveness of the speaker, but from the people, as they sounded to express their feelings, on the contrary, they will sympathize with the emotional speaker.
Ask and ask
Enter tezh guilty buti yaskravim. Navit as the main theme of the speech does not allow fantasies to unfold, the first phrases are to blame for the audience, to turn respect to the mind. Acknowledged speakers can score for the introduction of extravagant and risky topics - just so that they start to be heard. And then, in the next part of the promo, smooth out the sharp damage. Pochatkivtsy, obviously, do not want to go into such radical approaches. All the same, it’s necessary to try to grow the cob of “chіlyati”, let’s cut it. As if from the very cob it was not possible to win the respect of the listeners, all the work on writing the language will appear as a mark.
Good luck with those steps - also an important moment. A person can, without zusil, focus the respect of only five or six whilins. Yakshko mova is guilty of buti for a long time - a lecture, an explanation of the report - also, it is necessary to divide it into logical segments. Break up the theory with butts for the public, maybe inspire with comedy, if you want humor - very harsh soil. Those that are funny to one, the other one is rude or vulgar. Rhetoric is the art of not only applauding, but also loosing the respect of the public.
Dialogue with the public
Such steps are to blame, but not too often, but not rіdkіsnimi. The stench allows the audience to reread, thoughts to sum up what has been said and prepare for the offensive part of the movement, not on the floor alive and groaning.
In order to signify, according to the hearers, the correct tempo and intonation, it is necessary to know the people in the hall who call for sympathy, and say "for the new one." This priyom often wins actors-pochatkіvtsі, and today's rhetoric can be richly connected with theatrical art. First, so it's easier to forget about the halls and publics, as a poster for the ledge. In a different way, guarding a specific person, who creates the illusion of a dialogue. Vіn bachit emotsії, vyklikanі promovoy, pomіchaє, if a person vіdvolіkaєіtsya and starts nudguvati, and if, navpaki, svіvchuvaє vyslovlennym dumka.
Mova is guilty of being literate
Russian rhetoric may have a characteristic feature. Vaughn is powerful to the point of moving, to be more precise, to the style of movement.
This is an important factor for evaluating the oratorical art of promotion. It is said that the speaker is guilty of classical literary style, not to stray into slang, jargon, or local talk. Obviously, є vinyatki - for example, speak to the high-professional middle class, or before a special selection, if it is necessary to look "your own". But most of the time, such language is accepted as a manifestation of ignorance, low culture. And if you agree to the promotion, it will be lowered.
It’s a pity, learn to speak correctly in a richly folded way, lower your diction. The shortest way is to read good literature and communicate with intelligent people. Even if you don’t have time to read, you can get some of the same audiobooks, and listen to them in your free time. So you will form a star and speak in the correct literary language.
TOPIC 1 RHETORIC AS SCIENCE AND PRIMARY DISCIPLINE
- Rhetoric as a science of success
- The main divisions of classical rhetoric
- Law of rhetoric
Rhetoric is the science of language. There is no culture of speculation without knowledge of the language, for this rhetoric is needed in the current chambers of professional education, in the current spheres of social life. Mova gives you the opportunity to realize yourself as a spiritual specialty. Vaughn is a model of a human being.
Mova promotes psychological awareness, jealousy in people, gives a clear perspective, spiritual support.
Mova can be recognized as the camp of the mind at the singing hour, the result of a thought, a litmus of a thought.
Rhetoric is like a science of success.
Like skin science, rhetoric needs to be read, it needs to be mastered. The main methods of cultivating the old rhetoric were repeating, reciting vzirtsiv and writing your promos behind the scenes. Don't forget that rhetoric, like no other science, is absolutely individual, special. Vaughn's specialty, but it will require ground training, tact, relish, care.
Rhetoric is the science of text creation, in the center are the laws of thought and movement, the mechanisms of producing oral and written text.
A lot of what was included in the subject of rhetoric hours and її rozkvitu, went to the subjects of other sciences. That rhetoric is called a systematic science, it systematized everything, but it was synthetic, more so, it succumbed to those that later developed in other sciences.
Ancient people succumbed to the word magical power, which gives rise to everything that is in the world. Maistry words, practical orators in the first line, as if they thoroughly carried out the secrets of krasnomovstvo, always flailed about, spitting a little at the conspiracy, reaching their aim, played to the right.
Ninі vinikla gostra need in people of a special type, yakі able to think independently, change with a living word, succumb to dіy.
Oratory vminnya y novichki are necessary in the numerical trends of life.
A lawyer who, by exhortations to establish legality, and not verbally, in a word, to bring the correctness of his position, leans on the borders of his profession. In Yogo's hands - the share of the people, as if they were pardoned by pardon. I nevmіle Volodinnya by the word means in this situation ineptitude and unprofessionalism.
A politician-orator, who is not in a position to set fire to the word Masi, sayings for bad luck. And the validity of the yogo is much greater, the lower is the validity of a lawyer: in the policy of laying down the share of wealth, accepting a significant group of people.
At the middle school, the auditory audience is clearly heard by those who “can be heard”. Here it is not reasonable to instill a brilliant knowledge of your subject from the daily scientific side: you need to take into account the people.
A businessman who relies only on the power of pennies, risks destroying the clientele of his partners, so that he can find his own manager who is more accepting and respectful. Those other situations testify about the power of the word. Often, in the bazaar, people buy from those who can praise their goods, creating for themselves an atmosphere of kindness, generosity, and pretentiousness.
All the great religions will be based on the authority of the word, the Holy Letter, as it brought together the genius of the founders of the religion, condensed the spiritual fruit of the century. The first religious preacher, who is not able to bring these fruits to the ears of the listeners, not able to push people with a word, automatically destroy the authority of the spiritual leader of his community.
Sim’ya, in a way that you don’t know words for reasoning, already suddenly ceases to be sim’yu and transforms into a hermitage, in which people have chosen differently for the spirit and interests. And every gurtozhitok є rich timchasov.
Nevminnya competently vyslovitsya, low culture splkuvannya - plyama on the officer's uniform.
It's not acceptable to just feel it, express yourself at the word, stick to the knowledge of people?
Otozh, and in the professional activity of a person, and in everyday life, varto koristuvatisya by the power of the word.
From one side, krasnomovstvo - tse mystetstvo, rozkuta gra in a word, which can be merciful, as if merciful with the artist's whistle. Sometimes such a gift manifests itself, like nature. Vodnocha rhetoric - tschey science about ways perekonannya and effective forms infusion on the audience with the improvement of її particularities.
Rhetoric- the science of oratory art, Krasnomovstvo. The concept of "krasnomovstvo" ("the art of speaking") is signified by the Latin word elogentia.
Classical sciences (philosophy, logic, rhetoric, etc.) have been the fundamental disciplines since the most recent hours, since they served to vihovanni universally and harmoniously developed people - homo novus (new people, lat.).
The father of rhetoric, a prominent orator of Old Rome, Cicero, wrote: “Better in the world of meta - become a good person.” Therefore, in the old world, the numerical schools of philosophy, rhetoric, oratorical art were founded, and young people were gifted with the secrets of the classical sciences to the greed of their own state.
The meta of today's intelligent people - to comprehend the rhetorical treasures of the people and native people of the most powerful possibilities, specific situations of intercourse, virobity of their original oratorical style.
Rhetoric, like other sciences, has its own history, rage and fall.
Until the recent o'clock in the bili bilshiyu, Chi Milde Prazi Antichy Rhetis: Aristotle, Cicero, Demosthenes, Kvintilian Ta., Oklokov, the words of the rhetoric spadesh, especially Lomoronosyvsky, occupying Kyivoskoi Roansi.
The results of the rest of the years have shown that immeasurable wealth is accumulated in handwritten libraries of libraries in the great cities of Ukraine and the Great Union, in the middle of science and culture, even in the 17th-18th centuries. rhetoric was a traditional school discipline.
Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome in the epoch of democratic rozkvit became the treasury of rhetoric and oratorical art. According to the laws of Solon, the skin of the Athenians is guilty of defending their interests in court in a special way, since the fate of the representatives was allowed only in a few cases, for example, on the right, not in seniority, women are skinny.
Rhetoric for hiring created promotions. The public speech of the people at the People's Choice in the court of an invisible part of the functioning of the machinery of state power in the democratic cities of Ancient Greece.
The oratorical art in Hellas was worthy of great honor, and the oratorical schools of the old world were never empty.
First of all, kerіvnitstvo - techne - for those who were preparing to speak publicly, obviously, belonged to the Sicilian rhetors Tisіy and Korak and gave recommendations, as a rule to divide the promo into parts (introduction, declarative note, epilogue) and yakі evidence to get the next one. It is a pity that the original oratorical works have not been done to this day, the comedy of Aristophanes "The Toad", the super-girl of Ekhil and Euripides was staged, as well as some fragments of the promotions of the sophists, orators of George, Isocrates and іn.
Deep roots of rhetoric in secular culture (myths about heroes, gods, Assigned to the classical mysticism of the enchanting spivu, “maltyness”, oratorical mysticism).
The donka of the mighty Zeus and Mnemosyne (goddess of memory) Calliope was inspired by her talents among other muses. Vaughn became the muse of epic poetry and science. Sinami Calliopi were beautiful spivts Orpheus, Thracian king Res. The beauty and wisdom of Kalliopi was infused with mitts at the sculptural image of the goddess with a waxed plank or a slate and a slate twig in her hands.
Tsіkavo, scho one of the sculptures of the genius orator of the old world, Mark Thulius Cicero, was an image of Calliopi, who was like a reclining vein, the shortest orator of all hours and peoples.
In Greek mythology, in the presence of lilacs - napіvptahi, napіvzhіnki, yaki subsided in the presence of the father Achelous wild spontaneity, and in the form of the mother Melpomeni (museum of tragedy) - the divine voice. The stench lingered on the skeletons of a deserted island, covered with tassels and withered skin of their victims, like lilacs they lured with a magical, enchanting spiv. By what power of beauty and wildness were endowed with magical essences, before the divine song of which the masculine good seafarers could not stand? (Legendary Odysseus, sailing through the unsafe islands, tying himself to the ship’s shoes and pouring wax on his comrades.)
Orpheus is the most popular image of Greek mythology in the sphere of Volodymyr with spells of verbal infusion on people, gods of that nature (syn Kal-ta Apollo Bagr). In the works of Plato - a description of the strength and power of the speaker: “I affirm that a super girl has come to the People's Choice; whom of two you turn as a doctor, - no one would be surprised at the doctor, but they would take away the one who had the right to a word, - varto would be more than enough for you to zabazhat ”(“ On oratory; ”.- M .; 1980.- p. 37).
The skhidnoslovyanska mythology magnifies the image of the epic speech of Boyan, which was represented by rich figures of a talented speaker (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”).
The oratory memo is visible - Svyatoslav's "Golden Word", zmishane from tears. It was one of the best patriots of the native land.
You can twist rhetoric in a different way, or you can use it through the beauty and power of mythological rhetorical decay: “Blessed is the person who knows wisdom!” (Bible).
Rhetoric (krasnomovnist), or oratorical art, vinikla in Ancient Greece. Like epos, drama, music, sculpture and architecture, she was respected by mysticism, creativity, she was called "the queen of all mysticisms."
In ancient Greece, rhetoric was a warehouse part of a suspenseful life. In Homer's works, the right hero is respected by the one who not only showed valor, but also knew how to speak loudly. Viysk, who conquered Troy, having already helped old Nestor with his promos, even though he could not take an uninterrupted part in the battle.
In the past hours, rhetoric was divided into three categories: court rhetoric, political rhetoric, and urochist rhetoric. Who in ancient Greece, having broken his poses before the court, is guilty of blaming the promo himself, sometimes letting them write to the witnesses, as if they were preparing promos for the ship's review. You didn’t just put them together, but they broke up the theory of rhetoric. Great respect was attached to the stink of evidence, the refinement of phrases with the method of strengthening their infusion.
Artistic rhetoric was formed on the basis of practical rhetoric.
The first theory of rhetoric was created in the 5th century. BC e. Sicilian Greeks in Syracuse. The most famous of them was Gorgias, who had perfected the theory of oratorical art and learned Athena from it.
The supra-primary style of yoga with subtle promos impressed the Athenians, having made Gorgias glorified and greedy by a teacher. Vіn zumіv transform rhetoric into mysticism, as if by its beauty that strength was seen from poetry.
The school of sophists continued the development of the theory of oratorical art. The oratory's mastery of sophistry was valued more, the lower voiced promos.
Isocrates completed the work of the Sophists. Vin, having said this about the role of the oratorical mysticism: “The word did not only vilify us from the kaydanivs of the creaturely life, the fires of the yoma mi awakened the place, created the laws and touched the mysticism. The power of yoga is such that without it you can’t blame anything reasonable. The word zapochatkovu all vchinki and all namiri.
Having begun the first school, Isocrates mastered rhetoric and writing in those scholars, won the ceremonial illumination. On the vіdmіnu vіd sophistіv Isocrates dorimuvavsya traditional Greek morality. Yoga set became the basis of all the latest theories of stylistics.
Socrates, Athenian philosopher (469-399 BC) - master of academic conversations-dialogues, expanding his philosophical understanding among the Athenian youth in the form of dialogue. Socratic irony K. Marx called "dialectic pasta".
Plato (427-347 pp. BC), a scholar of Socrates, having started the struggle between philosophy and rhetoric.
Demosthenes (384-322 pp. BC) - the most important master of oratory in Greece. Demosthenes, having infiltrated the father early, and if he became full-time, he would be embarrassed to sue his guardians, as if they spared a great part of the father's recession. Tse sponukalo youngak vdatisya to the oratory mystetstva. The rhetoric has become a yogic yelling, it has become a teacher of oratorical art, and later a political and sovereign dyach. We have reached over 60 promotions and listings. In the house of ours, there are three yogas, which were voted against Philip, the Macedonian king, who tried to help the Athenians to self-sufficiency.
Yogo viklad buv is clear, phrases in promos are usually short. Pairings and metaphors were poignant in the face of yoga performances. Apparently, not only orators of a rich generation in Greece, but later in Rome, took part in the Demosthenes promos. Take the most glorious Roman orator Cicero for granted, appreciating their strength.
In republican Rome, the political and judicial oratorical art is of little such great practical significance, as in Greece. Urochist rhetoric was cultivated in the form of funeral laudatory promos. Sche in II Art.; BC e. conservative Romans barred Greek orators and philosophers from appearing in
Rome. However, the walnut inflow has expanded here. The first Roman speakers went through the Greek school itself.
Cicero represents the Roman school of oratory. The most important yoga tvir is the treatise “De oratore” (“About the speaker”), de vin distinguishes five traditional parts of rhetoric. Diya treatise goes to the booth of the glorious orator L. Crassus. The main diyov individuals: Crassus and Mark Antony (a prominent orator of that hour).
I st. n. e. M. Fabius Kvintilian - the most prominent orator of the era. The style has become too lively and piecewise warm. The Latin and Greek schools of rhetoric were founded, but… the oratorical art fell into oblivion.
Tsіkavo vіdbuvalis navchannya in the oratory school. Vchitel, scho sidіv on pіdvischennі, having begun z goloshennya those. Vіn having given a sprat, I was pleased to develop those and vkazuvav, yakі may be suitable for this plot. With such attitudes, the scholars prepared the ledge on their own. During the hours of Cicero, the skin of the hearer himself robbed the topic. Vaughn is small enough to live before life and before the ship's gaze. Later, in the epoch of emperors, those were less connected with life. After the completion of the work on the text, I will speak as a teacher of yoga. Then we sang the proms to remind them and yelled in front of the teacher and colleagues.
In the era of the Middle Ages, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the development of the oratorical mysticism continued, as up to seven so-called free mysticisms were already introduced. Ale… dogmatism and scholasticism reigned. The feudal mode was based on the ovnіshnіy, physical forces, on the sound, which wriggled at the suvoro appointed, invariable formulas
Rehabilitation of rhetoric in the system of education has known in the example of the Middle Ages, with the turn of the trivium and the quadrium:
- trivium(grammar, poetry, rhetoric);
guadrium(arithmetic, geometry, philosophy, music).
They were included in the general language programs of the Kiev fraternal school, the former collegium of the academy, and beyond the cordon: at the University of Cambridge, Krakivsky, Vidensky, Zaluysky, Poznansky academies.
Gliboke of root vіtchiznyanoї rhetoric
"Velesova" - a collection of sermons of the spiritual leaders of the pra-Ukrainian tribes in the pre-Christian era. The mastery of these preachers is rhetorical - revealing the high verbal, and also the Spiritual culture of our ancestors.
After the birth of Russia, memorials of writing are actively created, mysticism, architecture, literature, the culture of words, and rhetoric are developing. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" has conveyed to our days the "Golden Word" of Svyatoslav, "smishane from tears", which is a vision of the high rhetorical culture of that hour. The most prominent orators of Kievan Rus were Ilarion and Kirilo Turovsky.
The national redism of words was based both on the classical rhetorical recession of the old world, and on the achievements of the Western European essence of co-literary thought. Russia of the artistic rhetorical word was surprisingly important in the struggle of the words of the Yang peoples for freedom, against spiritual slavery, against Catholicism, colonization. The best artistic creations of prominent masters of the word became folk, national. Acts of the Ukrainian Aristotle G.S. Skovoroda (“Every city likes it”) became folk songs.
The best ideas of the words of the Janskian rhetoric were developed by: Bishop Macarius, Simeon Polotsky (one of the founders of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy), the best humanists-educators - M.V. Lomonosov, Feofan Prokopovich, Petro Mogila and other associates.
Folklore - a thousand years of gold, creations by peoples (adjectives, orders). Yogo was taken with love and handed over to V.I. Dahl, B.D. Grinchenko.
XVII-XVIII Art. - the period of formation and development of literature and school courses in the theory of poetic and oratorical art.
1620 r. - the first Russian "Rhetoric" of an unknown author. Bula popular with Moscow, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Nilovy Pustosh, Solovetsky Monastery. This is a translation from Latin rhetoric. “Rhetoric” has two books: “About founding references” and “About embellishing words”, written in the form of a dialogue between a teacher and a student, which was typical for the assistants of Old Russia.
The order of the first Russian "Rhetoric": "I am the rhetoric of a kind and clairvoyant mind;
Rhetoric of the period of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy
The Kiev-Mohyla Academy has been the sole source of enlightenment and culture in Ukraine, Russia, the significant world and in Belarus and the famous words of the Jansk lands, the small European initial mortgage, and the glory of
The Academy is small in terms of national directives, it was supervised by the system and methods of training the smallest Western European universities and academies; Among them - a lot of famous politicians, sovereigns and saints, scholars-philosophers, doctors, historians, artists, composers, who successfully worked in Ukraine and beyond the borders (G. S. Skovoroda, M. V. Lomonosov, Feofan Prokopovich).
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the academy it was high class, and the course of study was three times 12 years old.
The key to your knowledge is Latin language. Spudes read bookish Ukrainian, Greek, Polish, Slovak and European movies. Mіzh themselves spoke only in Latin mine, and the people, as if they did not manage Latin, were respected unilluminated.
Vyvchali "simple sciences", yakі podіlyalis on trivіum (grammar, pіїtika, rhetoric) and quadrіum (arithmetic, geometry, philosophy, music).
Following the grammatical classes of the next eight years, they taught poetics (1 rok), rhetoric (1 rok), philosophy (2 roki) and theology (4 roki).
Poetics - the art of folding verses - changed the rhetoric.
Up to now, there have been descriptions of 183 assistants in rhetoric. The main original courses of rhetoric (127 of them compiled and read at the academy in 16351817 pp.).
In the course of rhetoric such a progressive vcheni, like F. Prokopovich, Ioanikiy Galyatovsky, vyhovuvali young people truly feel patriotism on the butts of the butts, panegiriki v vdomim diyachami - Peter Mogilі, Koshovim.
Rhetoric in the academy was the most popular subject and little practical zastosuvannya: students created oratorical promos, orations, were participants in rich tracts of the community and church podiums.
The method of rhetoric training: students were taught to create promos of a formal and singing confession (sudovі, eulogies), to write sheets: vital, congratulations, dyakuvalni, prohalni, farewell melancholy.
Church krasnovism was taught only by bazhayuchih, more students of rhetoric were taken in by secular people. The stinks actively played the creations of Roman, Greek classics of rhetoric.
The assistants at the academy were handwritten, author's, more than a leather novice musi fold their original course of lectures.
The first assistant of rhetoric in the academy was the assistant of Professor Joanikiy Galyatovsky “Science, or the Method of evil execution” (Kiev, 1659; Lviv, 1663. - “The Key of Understanding”).
From the 60s of the XVIII century. The Academy transforms itself into a spiritual pledge, and її vyhovantsi for the completion of enlightenment sounds to go to Moscow, St. Petersburg. Krasnomovstvo and rhetoric at that time were taught in church schools and colleges.
Today's rhetoric is like a science of reconciliation with the help of mov to go far beyond the inter-journalistic promos. There can be a wide zastosuvannya in different situations of moving splintering like a family suspenstvo, so and okrem movtsiv.
Traditionally, rhetoric is taken as the science of Krasnomovstvo. At the same time, the rhetoric of schennogo spolkuvannya in society may have the prospect of a wide stagnation in the current Ukrainian society.
Depending on what you say and to whom, rhetoric is based on food: how to say? for what i de?
The main divisions of classical rhetoric
Invention (lat. inventio - vinahid, vigadka) - the first division of classical rhetoric, in which the hypothesis of the future is being developed. Mainly in intention - far away, verbally vibrating, the object of roaming and namir yogo imagine and rozkriti so that zdijsniti conceived.
Disposition (lat. dispositio - roztashovuyu, rozmіschuyu) - tse other division of rhetoric, in which the main concepts about the subject of speech are formulated and the rules for operating with concepts are determined.
The main recognition of the disposition is to propagate the whole set of positions and in such a sequence, so that the stench does not supersede one to one, but specifically moves from one part to another right up to the visnovka.
Elokutsiya (lat. eloguor - I hang, speak) - the third division of classical rhetoric, in which the laws of the movable expression of the subject of discussion are revealed. At the stage of elocution, a discussion about styles emerged. That is what the rhetoric has divided into the most beautiful and the most effective. Himself vin bring movtsya to the point.
Elokventsiya - pіdrozdіl elokutsії, in which the figures of the word (tropi) and the figures of the thought (rhetorical figures) are continued. Otzhe, this part can be called the heart of rhetoric. Innodi її simply call redness.
Memory (lat. memoria - memory, riddle). Appointment of this division of rhetoric - help the speaker to remember the meaning of the promotion in such a way that not only the factual information is ruined, but the figurativeness, the details.
Yoga can be called memory training. Instead of this division of mnemonics - a system of "secrets", taking into account the memorization of the material, the swedish creation. In a modern way, you can call the riches and arrangements a "bank of data."
The action (lat. action - diya, dozvіl) - the fifth division of rhetoric, which is recognized as preparing the speaker in an outward and inward way to a vistupu. At this stage, it is possible to implement the whole trip beforehand to prepare the robot and bring it to the point.
The speaker may look kindly, cope with the reception of the enemy not only with a good speech, but with diction, with the power of sounding the voice, remembering the pause, facial expressions, gestures, kinetics.
Achievement of redism. What is rhetoric
The history of oratorical art takes care of miracles and adopts red spirits, enriching the revolutionary traditions of conventional political propaganda and agitation.
The skin epoch is characterized by its style and method among the Krasnomovstvo, not to mention the divergence of their political directives. Ale stretched a number of epochs, especially in the period of revolutionary upheavals and progressive development of different lands, in the oratorical mysticism, as well as in other areas of human culture, the basic principles were formed, which may be assigned to social value and contagion.
reach redness
Krasnomovstvo is the art of speaking in such a way that you, to whom we go wild, heard more than without difficulties, but from satisfaction, and sob was choked by the method and pissed off by self-love, the stench wanted to penetrate more deeply from her.
Krasnomovstvo- this is a gift that allows us to enchant with the mind and heart of a spiritualist, the building of darkness to inspire everything that we need.
Zavdyaks of krasnomovstvo can fill us with people, for yaku we are obviously not bestowed with respect. The mind no less inspires the body, but with a singing world it innovates yoga; just a few thoughts, like changing one alone, enliven the appearance and give him one, then another viraz; sensible promo nadovgo rivet respect to one and the same person.
Zbroya krasnomovstvo vimagaє wisdom and honesty. Krasnomovstvo may be the same as its own insecurity, so is its melancholy: everything is left to fall on the vіd vikoristannya; it can be a shield of innocence, a sword of masculinity, and a dagger of evil.
One word, spoken with a wide heart, is stronger in our minds than the most important proofs and reconciled the strongest reconciliations, and especially, if it is said to oneself, if required ...
No, nothing can bring more shkodi, no more talking nonsense. Itself so, as if these people, in some kind of sovereign activity in promotions, do not tell the truth, even if you can arrogantly slander the power?
The speaker is guilty of rozv "to speak out with great valor and always pragmatic victory.
The speaker is less than the one who, in his mind, speaks from the skin nourishment of garno, vishukano and inconsistently, appreciably to the importance of subjects, to the speed of the clock and to please the listeners.
The greatest value of a speaker is not only to say what is necessary, but also not to say what is not required.
The best speaker is the one who, with her word, speaks hearing, and gives to the people, and deals with them more strongly.
It is impossible to be gifted by a speaker without natural gifts, but the theory will show the beginnings, as if it were worthy of such physical abilities, as nature gave it to you, as if it should be poured into the mind and heart of your ears.
The one who bazhaє garno speak or write, is guilty of obov "tonally good thought and mother good relish.
Rhetoric- the whole science of oratorical art is about ways to change, effectively form a verbal influx on the audience with the improvement of її particularities.
Various speeches:
- Academic Krasnomovstvo - tse science dopovіd, or promotion (lecture, university, school)
- Sudove krasnomovstvo - procurator (zvinuvachuvalna), that advocate (zahisna) promote, self-defense.
- Socio-political Krasnomovstvo - call an addendum at the conferences of the z'izdist gatherings, a rally promotion.
- Socially-pobutovye Krasnomovstvo - yuvileyna, vitalna, zastіlna (toast), gravestone, funeral rozmovi.
- Church-theological - church sermon.
The course of rhetoric consists of the following parts:
- history of rhetoric; theoretical rhetoric (laws of rhetoric);
- practical rhetoric;
- public speech.
Literature
- Orlov B. Demosthenes and Cicero. Their life and work. - St. Petersburg, 1898. - S. 52.
- Sagach G. M. Zolotosliv. - K., 1993. - S. 16.
- Timofeev A. History of eloquence since ancient times. - M., 1893. - S. 65.
- Gurevich E. S., Polrilko V. F., German M. A. Fundamentals of rhetoric. - K., 1978Moldovan AM. A word about the law and grace of Hilarion. - K., 1984. -p. 240.
- Turovsky Kirill. A word in the new week after Easter // Ancient Russian literature. 8. Reader. - M., 1980. - S. 7.
- "Antique literature", Moscow, near "Osvitu", 1986
- M. Gasparova, V. Borukhovich "Oratorical art of ancient Greece", Moscow, "Art literature", 1985.
- History of the ancient world. - k., 1989.
- History of Krasnomovstvo. - k., 2000.
- Kuzishin O. P., "History of Ancient Greece", M., 1986.
- Lectures on the history of light culture. Navch. view. /per zag. ed. Yartisya A. V., Shendrika S. M., Cherepanova S. O., - Lviv: World, 1994.
- S. I. Radtsig "History of Old Greek Literature", Moscow, at "Vishcha Shkola", 1999
It is important for every person to be able to communicate, since such a skill is a good helper in many life situations. Almost all successes at school, work, in personal life are built on communication skills. If the information is presented by the speaker concisely and structured, then it will reach the listeners in at its best. The science that studies all the details of oratory is called rhetoric. It is thanks to her that you can make your speech clear and convincing. Rhetoric - what is it? Science or academic discipline?
What does the word "rhetoric" mean? Translated from Greek, the word rhetoric looks like "rhetorike" and means "oratory". Initially this definition meant by itself the ability to speak beautifully and express their thoughts in front of other people.
Over time, the concept of rhetoric changed several times, which was influenced by the change in periods of cultural development of people. Therefore, this science, starting from antiquity and ending with the present time, was perceived differently.
It was founded by the sophists, who said that rhetoric is a discipline that can teach the speaker to prove his position, manipulate and dominate discussions. In modern times, the basis of such a science is harmonizing speech, the search for truth, and the incitement to thought.
Now the word rhetoric is understood as a discipline that allows you to study the methods of speech formation, characterized by expediency, harmony, and the ability to influence. In this regard, the subject of rhetoric acts as a thought-speech action.
Rhetoric combines the teachings of philosophy, sociology, psychology, which helps to achieve effective speech interaction with any audience.
Thus, modern rhetoric is considered from three sides:
- This is a science that considers the art of the word, which has specific norms. public speaking in front of people who allow you to reach good result influencing listeners.
- This is the highest level of skill in pronunciation of speech in front of the public, mastery of the word at a professional level and excellent oratory.
- An academic discipline that helps students instill the rules of public speaking.
Thus, general rhetoric studies the rules for constructing an expedient and persuasive speech, which helps to make the speech vivid and memorable.
What does science study?
The subject of rhetoric, as a science, includes methods for the formation of appropriate oral and written speech, as well as the process by which thoughts are converted into speech.
In order to determine the tasks of rhetoric, it is necessary to know about its main directions. They are distinguished by two:
- Logical, in which the main aspects are the ability to convince the listener to effectively present information.
- literary, in which essential elements the richness and attractiveness of words is considered.
Taking into account the fact that in this science these areas are combined, real rhetoric sets itself the task of making speech correct, convincing and expedient.
Having determined what rhetoric is and why it is needed, there is no doubt about its necessity in the life of a person, especially those engaged in public activities.
Rhetoric in ancient times
The origin of rhetoric began in ancient greece. Due to the fact that democracy was being formed in this state, the ability to convince gained considerable popularity in society.
Every resident of the city had the opportunity to be trained in oratory, which was taught by the sophists. These sages considered rhetoric to be the science of persuasion, which studies the means of verbally defeating an opponent. Because of this, in the future, the word "sophism" caused a negative reaction. After all, with them, rhetoric was considered as a trick, fiction, but earlier this science was considered the highest skill, skill.
In ancient Greece, many works were created that reveal rhetoric. Who is the author of the classical Greek treatise on this science? This is the well-known thinker Aristotle. This work, called "Rhetoric", singled out oratory among all other sciences. It defined the principles on which speech should be built, and indicated the methods used as evidence. Thanks to this treatise, Aristotle became the founder of rhetoric as a science.
AT Ancient Rome Mark Tullius Cicero, who was engaged in politics, philosophy and oratory, contributed to the development of rhetoric. He created a work called "Brutus or about famous speakers", describing the development of science in the names of popular speakers. He also wrote the work "On the Orator", in which he spoke about what kind of speech behavior a worthy speaker should have. Then he created the book "The Orator", revealing the basics of eloquence.
Cicero considered rhetoric the most difficult science, unlike others. He argued that in order to become a worthy speaker, a person needs to have deep knowledge in all areas of life. Otherwise, he simply will not be able to maintain a dialogue with another person.
Development of rhetoric in Russia
Rhetoric in Russia arose on the basis of Roman science. Unfortunately, it has not always been so popular. Over time, when political and social regimes changed, the need for it was perceived differently.
The development of Russian rhetoric in stages:
- Ancient Russia(XII-XVII centuries). During this period, the term "rhetoric" and educational books on it did not yet exist. But some of its rules have already been applied. People at that time called the ethics of speech eloquence, eloquence or rhetoric. The art of the word was taught on the basis of liturgical texts created by the preachers. For example, one of these collections is "Bee", written in the XIII century.
- First half of the 17th century. During this period, a characteristic event was that the first Russian textbook was published, revealing the foundations of rhetoric.
- Late XVII beginning and middle of the 18th century. At this stage, the book "Rhetoric" written by Mikhail Usachev was published. Also, many works were created, such as "Old Believer Rhetoric", the works "Poetics", "Ethics", several lectures on the rhetorical art of Feofan Prokopovich.
- XVIII century. AT given time the formation of rhetoric as a Russian science took place, a huge contribution to which was made by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. He wrote several works dedicated to it, of which the book "Rhetoric" became the basis for the development of this science.
- Beginning and middle of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the fact that a rhetorical boom took place in the country. Well-known authors published a large number of textbooks. These include the works of I.S. Riga, N.F. Koshansky, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K.P. Zelensky, M.M. Speransky.
However, starting from the second half of the century, literature began to actively replace this science. Soviet people studied stylistics, linguistics, culture of speech, and criticized rhetoric.
Laws of the art of the word
Rhetoric at any time had as its ultimate goal - to influence listeners. A special role for its achievement is played by expressive speech, as well as visual and expressive means.
Scientists divide this science into two varieties - general and particular. The subject of general rhetoric includes general ways of behaving in speech pronunciation and the practical possibilities of their application in order to make speech effective.
This variety includes the following sections:
- rhetorical canon;
- public speaking;
- rules on how to conduct a dispute;
- conversation rules;
- teachings about everyday communication;
- communication between different nations.
By studying these sections, the speaker gains knowledge about the main features of speech use, which are the basis for each master of the word.
General rhetoric studies ways to achieve mutual understanding between the speaker and listeners. For this, the following laws were developed:
- The law of harmonizing dialogue. The speaker should awaken the feelings and thoughts of the listeners, turning the monologue into a dialogue. It is possible to build harmonious communication only with the help of a dialogue of all the people participating in the discussion. The essence of this rule is more precisely revealed by the following laws.
- The law of orientation and advancement of the listener. The person to whom the oratorical influence is directed should have the feeling that he, together with the speaker, is moving towards the intended goal. To achieve this effect, the speaker needs to use words in speech that determine the order of events, connect sentences and summarizing expressions.
- The law of emotional speech. A person speaking to the public must himself experience the feelings that he is trying to evoke in the audience, and also be able to convey them through speech.
- The law of pleasure. It implies the ability to present a speech in such a way that it gives pleasure to the listeners. This effect is easy to achieve if the speech is expressive and rich.
A particular kind of rhetoric is based on general type and involves the specific use of general provisions in certain areas of life. Thus, science studies what rules of speech pronunciation and behavior the speaker needs to apply depending on the situation.
There are a lot of private rhetoric, but they all fall into two main groups:
- Homiletics.
- Oratory.
The first group implies the speaker's ability to repeatedly influence the public. This includes the ecclesiastical and academic type of eloquence. AT modern rhetoric this group included propaganda that is carried out in the media.
Thus, with academic eloquence, the speaker, conducting several lectures, should not each time re-talk about the goals of their conduct, their necessity, and so on. It is enough for him to talk about it at the first lecture, and for all the others the general task will be expanded by studying a new topic.
Oratory is not able to influence people repeatedly. In this regard, the speaker must be able to correctly end each speech. This group includes judicial, everyday, socio-political and other types of eloquence.
At present, oratory has grown quite widely, so a specific type of rhetoric has already begun to be divided into its subspecies. For example, administrative, diplomatic, parliamentary and other rhetoric was singled out from socio-political eloquence.
Varieties of the speaker's speech
There are several varieties of oratory, depending on who needs to be convinced, where the speech takes place, what purpose it pursues. These include the following sayings:
- Social and political. This is when they read reports on social, political and economic topics, speak at rallies, conduct campaigning.
- Academic. It includes reading lectures, scientific reports or messages.
- Judicial. This type of eloquence is used by the prosecutor and the defense counsel when speaking in court. By their speech, they must convince of the guilt or innocence of the accused person.
- Social and domestic. It is used by all people, making speeches at anniversaries, feasts or at a commemoration. This also includes secular chatter, which does not require disputes, discussions, but is characterized by ease and simplicity of perception.
- Theological. This eloquence is used in churches, for example, when the faithful give a sermon or other speech in a cathedral.
- Diplomatic. This type involves the observance of ethical standards in business speech. This is necessary in business negotiations, correspondence, in the preparation of official documents, as well as in translation.
- Military. This kind of eloquence is used when calling for battle, issuing orders, charters, transmitting information by radio.
- Pedagogical. It includes presentations by teachers and students, both oral and written. This also includes lecturing, which is considered a complex act of pedagogical communication.
- Internal, or imaginary. This is the name of the dialogue that each person conducts with himself. This type implies a mental preparation for an oral presentation to the public, as well as for the written transmission of information, when a person reads what is written to himself, remembers something, thinks about something, and so on.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude what rhetoric is and why society needs it. Rhetoric as a science of oratory involves the study of the correct pronunciation of speech in front of the public in order to somehow influence the people listening to it. With its help, speakers acquire the skills to make their speech correct, expedient, and most importantly, convincing.
Much in life is determined by the ability to communicate. Success in school, career, personal relationships, built on the ability to communicate. Whether you're reading a lecture in an audience, congratulating at a party, or going through a job interview, concise, structured speech will convey information to listeners in a favorable light. The science that studies the intricacies of oratory is rhetoric. It helps to give speech clarity, specificity, persuasiveness.
From its inception in antiquity to the present day, rhetoric as a science has been understood in different ways. The founding Sophists defined it as a discipline that teaches to manipulate, to prove the point of view of the speaker, to dominate discussions.
Today, in the first place is harmonizing speech, the search for truth, the incitement to thought. In the modern sense, rhetoric is a discipline that studies how to create an expedient, influencing, harmonizing speech. The subject of rhetoric is thought-speech action.
Combining philosophy, sociology, psycholinguistics and philology, modern rhetoric makes it possible to achieve effective speech interaction with any society.
The subject and tasks of rhetoric
The subject in rhetoric is the ways of forming an expedient word:
- oral;
- printed;
- electronic;
- the process of converting thought into speech.
The tasks of rhetoric are reduced to its direction. The first direction is logical: persuasiveness, effectiveness of speech are the primary parameters. The second is the literary direction: the dominant aspects are the splendor and beauty of words. Given the union of logical and literary direction in modern rhetoric, its tasks include the correctness, persuasiveness and expediency of speech.
Rhetoric and culture of speech
The culture of speech is a discipline that studies the norms of the literary and national languages, as well as the rules for the appropriate use of linguistic means of expression. Rhetoric and culture of speech are interrelated concepts that provide productive communication.
Private and general rhetoric
Rhetoric falls into two categories: general and particular. General rhetoric studies oratory in general and is useful to any person.
Private rhetoric, based on canons and rules, studies the art of eloquence in various professional fields.
General rhetoric has sections:
- rhetorical canon;
- oratory - the art of public speaking;
- dispute - the art of apodictic discussion (arguing for the sake of reaching the truth);
- conversation - a section that teaches how to conduct a private, secular or business conversation;
- the rhetoric of everyday communication, teaching to recognize the emotional and speech signals sent by the interlocutor, to adapt to them;
- ethno-rhetoric, which studies the features of speech behavior of different nationalities.
The rhetorical canon of antiquity consisted of five parts:
- Invention (invention). Formation of an idea for a speech. Finding an answer to the question: What to say?
- Location (disposition). Drawing up a text plan to achieve the transfer of the main idea.
- Expression (elocution). Making speech with visual means of the language, editing the text.
- Memorization (memorio). The speaker's choice of communication method. Learning, taking notes.
- Pronunciation (action). The speaker's speech in front of an audience.
At the fifth stage, the culmination of oratorical activity takes place and the ancient rhetorical canon ends. For the sake of improving oratory skills, one more item has been added in the modern canon:
- Reflection. It implies the author's reasoning over his speech, the search for weak formulations and the selection of successful speech techniques.
There are three stages in the rhetorical canon:
- pre-communicative, including work on speech (invention, arrangement, expression, memorization);
- communicative, representing the interaction of the speaker with the audience (pronunciation);
- post-communicative stage, which is the analysis of the speech (reflection).
Oratorical activity is based on three concepts - ethos, logos, pathos.
- Ethos implies the validity of speech by circumstances that affect the topic of speech (place, time, duration of speech);
- Logos is responsible for the logical component;
- Paphos includes the emotional and mimic color of the performance.
Types of eloquence
There are five main types of eloquence:
- Socio-political view - diplomatic, socio-political, political-economic, parliamentary, rally and propaganda speeches.
- Academic view - scientific lectures, messages, abstracts, seminars and reports.
- Judicial view - the speeches of the actors in the trials: lawyers, prosecutors, judges.
- Theological eloquence or spiritual appearance - parting words, sermons, solemn speeches of a church orientation.
- Social and everyday types of eloquence - drinking, anniversary, festive or memorial speeches.
The origin of rhetoric as a scientific discipline takes place in ancient Greece as early as the fifth century BC. Due to the formation of slave-owning democracy, the art of persuasive speech has become in great demand in society. Any representative of the policy (city) could learn oratory from teachers of rhetoric - sophists (wise men).
Possessing all the skills of eloquence, the sophists taught the wards through practical exercises. At heated discussions and subsequent analyzes of speeches, the masters of the word prepared students for the professions of judicial defenders, prosecutors, and rhetors. The Sophists taught the art of decorating the word, creating persuasive speeches. They argued that the art of speech is not in the search for truth, but in proving the correctness of the speaker.
Rhetoric was understood by the sophists as the science of persuasion, the purpose of which is victory over the enemy. This served as a subsequent negative coloring of the meaning of the word "sophism". If at first it was understood as "skill, skill, wisdom", now it is "trick, invention".
Notable sophist philosophers:
- Protagoras (485-410 BC)
Considered the founder of the art of discussion. The author of the thesis: "Man is the measure of all things."
- Gorgias (483-375 BC)
Master of oratory, the first teacher of rhetoric in Athens. The founder of the use of tropes and figures of speech in rhetoric. Legacy: "Praise to Elena", "Protection of Palamedes".
- Lysias (445-380 BC)
Father of the art of judgment. His speeches were distinguished by clarity and brevity, 34 of them have survived to this day, among them: "Speech against Eratosthenes, a former member of the College of Thirty" and "Acquitory speech in the case of the murder of Eratosthenes." Eratosthenes was one of the thirty tyrants responsible for the death of his brother Lysias after the capture of Athens by Sparta.
- Isocrates (436-338 BC)
One of the students of Gorgias, the founder of literary rhetoric. His speeches stood out for their simplicity, intelligibility of style for all Athenians. The most famous sayings are: "Panegyric" and "Panathenaic" speech. Isocrates’ understanding of why rhetoric is needed is reflected in the statement: “A true master of the word should not mess around with trifles and not inspire listeners that it’s useless for them, but that it will save them from poverty and bring great benefits to others.” He also owns the expression: "Learning is the sweet fruit of a bitter root."
The Sophists exalted the art of the word over the truth. Dialectics was understood as a competition for the sake of victory. The search for truth seemed meaningless, because such, according to the sophists, did not exist.
The teaching of Socrates makes us look at rhetoric in a new way. The search for truth and the acquisition of virtue become the main tasks. With his dialogues, called "Socratic irony", the philosopher led the interlocutor to the knowledge of himself. He taught thoughtfulness and morality. Socrates did not write works, but the works of his students, such as Plato and Xenophon, convey the sayings of the thinker. For example: “No one wants evil”, “Virtue is knowledge”.
Plato in the 380s BC e. founded the Academy, which taught astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, geometry, as well as techniques that develop the spiritual qualities of a person. His teaching called for the abandonment of passions, for the sake of purifying the mind for knowledge. The sciences were taught by the dialectical method, and individualism developed.
Plato's rhetorical ideal is reflected in the statement: "Every speech must be composed like a living being." A clear structure of speech was implied, the ratio of the general to the particular. The philosopher especially valued clarity of speech and truth.
Aristotle is an ancient Greek thinker, a student of Plato. He spent 20 years at the Academy, later founded the Lyceum (named after the temple of Apollo of Lyceum), where he personally taught philosophy and rhetoric. With his treatise Rhetoric, Aristotle singled out the art of speech among other sciences, defined the principles for constructing speech and methods of proof. It is Aristotle who is considered the founder of rhetoric as a science.
In ancient Rome, the politician, philosopher and great orator Marcus Tullius Cicero contributed to the development of rhetoric. In Brutus, or on Famous Orators, Cicero conveyed the history of rhetoric in the names of famous orators. The treatise "On the Orator" forms the image of a worthy rhetor, uniting knowledge in history, philosophy and law. The work "Orator" is dedicated to the styles and rhythm of eloquence. Mark Tullius singled out rhetoric among other sciences, calling it the most difficult. In his understanding, the subject of rhetoric is as follows - the speaker must have deep knowledge in all areas in order to be able to support any dialogue.
Mark Fabius Quintilian, in his 12 book Rhetorical Instructions, analyzed rhetoric, supplementing it with his own conclusions regarding all its components. He appreciated the clarity of the style, the speaker's ability to arouse emotions in listeners. Rhetoric was defined by him as "the science of speaking well". Quintilian also added to the teachings of rhetoric, pointing out the importance of the non-verbal component.
Development of rhetoric in Russia
Russian rhetoric developed mainly on the basis of the Roman one. The need for rhetoric rose and fell with the change of political and social regimes.
How did Russian rhetoric develop over the centuries:
- Ancient Russia (XII-XVII centuries). Until the 17th century, the term “rhetoric” did not exist in Russia, as well as teaching aids on it. However, there were rules. The ethics of speech, denoted by the terms: "eloquence", "eloquence" or "rhetoric". They studied the art of the word, guided by liturgical texts, the writings of preachers. For example, the collection "Bee" (XIII century).
- First half of the 17th century. "The Tale of the Seven Free Wisdoms"; opening of Moscow advanced schools; Kyiv Theological Academy; 1620 - the first textbook on rhetoric in Russian; Books "On the invention of cases", "On decoration".
- Late 17th – early and mid 18th centuries "Rhetoric" by Mikhail Usachev; Rhetoric Andrei Belobotsky; "Old Believer rhetoric"; treatises "Poetics", "Rhetoric", "Ethics, or the Science of Customs", as well as a number of lectures on the rhetorical art of Feofan Prokopovich.
- XVIII century. Rhetoric as a science in Russia was formed by the works of Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: "A Brief Guide to Rhetoric" (1743), "Rhetoric" (1748). Lomonosov's "Rhetoric" is a reader, a fundamental work in the development of this science.
- Early and mid 19th century Until the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a rhetorical "boom" in Russia. The teachings of the word were published one after the other. The works of I.S. Riga, N.F. Koshansky, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K.P. Zelensky, M.M. Speransky. In the second half of the century, rhetoric is being replaced by literature. In Soviet times, stylistics, linguistics, and the culture of the word were taught, while rhetoric was criticized.
The subject and tasks of rhetoric in the XXI century or why rhetoric is needed today
Our time is characterized by high technology, versatile, accessible, relentlessly developing education system. This is the age of information and communication. The communicative abilities of a person, his desire for development, determine success in all spheres of life.
First of all, oratory skills will be useful for people in non-productive areas of activity - media workers, lawyers, psychologists, teachers, designers, sellers, etc.
But why do locksmiths, doctors, drivers need rhetoric? The answer is in the following question, each one will find for himself separately: What kind of person does not need to be able to think and own his own word?
The study of the basics of oratory, psychology, body language will be useful to anyone who strives for a full, comfortable life in society.