What building materials are needed to build an energy-efficient economical house. The list of necessary materials for building a wooden house
There are several basic products, which in turn consist of a combination of two main components: wood and cement. In modern construction, it is worth using materials that can immediately several functional characteristics, such as:
- strength,
- durability,
- versatility in use and much more.
Therefore, various wood-cement materials have been developed, which are now increasingly used in construction. They gained popularity due to their low cost, which is combined with good quality materials.
Why is a combination of materials necessary in construction?
The demand for such building materials made it possible to create a special enterprise engaged in their full-fledged production and further sale. Basically, in order to create wood cement boards, specialists in this field use certain technologies that can significantly speed up this process.
With their help, you can not only compress wood, forming plates into convenient blocks, but also combine several materials with each other. Slabs based not only on wood, but also on cement are better stored and are not subject to atmospheric influences.
In fact, wood itself is a fairly fragile material. And in combination with cement, it acquires new advantages necessary for the full functioning. Thus, such plates have good strength and at the same time do not weigh too much. After all, building materials should be not only practical, but also universal. Modern technologies make it possible to achieve positive results in the creation of wood-cement boards of various lengths and densities.
What are building materials for?
Since at the moment the construction industry is developing and constantly improving in the world, more and more new materials are being created that can complement any design project. Despite their strength, such plates are often prematurely thin. This allows you to use them not only as the main building material, but also as a heater. Thus, it is possible to solve a fairly large number of actual problems, related to:
- disposal of unnecessary waste from enterprises,
- the development of secondary production,
- search for alternative sources for obtaining cheap and high-quality materials that can be used in the construction of modern houses and other types of premises.
When the production of building materials of this type is established correctly, it is possible to solve a number of problems associated with the subsequent rational use of wood waste. Of particular importance is the issue of maintaining the ecological health of the area where there are factories or enterprises involved in working with various building materials.
Depending on the type of wood used to create such slabs and the type of cement, various building materials can be obtained. They will differ from each other not only in functional characteristics, but also in the degree of compaction. Even the structure of such building boards will be different. Despite the fact that when creating materials, almost the same constituent elements were used.
Types of building materials?
Dependences on the constituent components that are involved in the creation of wood-cement boards distinguish several building structures that are most common in the construction of various residential premises.
For example, fibrolite is a versatile material that has not only sound insulation. If necessary, it can also be used as a sufficiently high-quality insulation. Thus, the same material performs several different functions at the same time. This is very convenient, especially if a person involved in construction wants to save his financial resources and at the same time build a quality house.
Often fiberboard is used as the main material for walls. It is quite dense, but at the same time it has a rather elastic structure. It has several main advantages:
- the versatility of the materials used to create the plates,
- affordable price yes
- ease of operation and further use.
Chipboard is already another material, characterized by high density. There, it is mainly used as an erroneous building material on various industrial buildings. It is preferred to asbestos-cement flat sheets, which greatly complicate the ventilation process in the room. This material is of good quality than plywood sheets. It has many more advantages, it is preferred even to plywood. Although if you compare these two materials, then there are practically no differences in them, except for a few constituent elements.
In all building pressed materials, there are some common technologies that contribute to their further creation, determine the scope of such boards. All of the above materials differ from each other not only in wood filler, but also in different surface structures. There are smooth wood-cement boards, as well as similar materials with a rougher or rough surface. It all depends on where they will be used in the future.
A special role in the creation of slabs is played by all kinds of organic fillers based on cellulose structural elements, as well as the degree of compaction of the slab itself. Most of all, such a material as wood concrete is similar to fibrolite. In fact, similar building materials:
- are interchangeable,
- can be used for various building purposes,
- does not require additional financial costs.
Specialists know several techniques that improve not only the quality of all of the above materials, but also their ability to increase the degree of adhesion of the cement stone to the aggregate present in it.
In the process of creating new building materials, every detail is important. It is especially difficult to calculate the optimal shape of such slabs, as well as the size of wood particles that are present in the finished structure, necessary for full adhesion to cement.
If we consider the area in which such building materials can be used, then it is quite extensive. Often the most popular is the use of such plates in the construction of residential buildings and various industrial premises. Therefore, the materials are distinguished by good density, but also by sufficiently optimal conditions for their further storage. The main advantage that determines the choice when purchasing building boards is their low cost.
There is no longer a need to overpay too much financial resources. All that is necessary for the organization of a full-fledged construction is contained in these simple and easy-to-use building materials.
At the moment, some types of building boards with the help of certain modern technologies improve. Therefore, a number of additional advantages and possibilities do not appear. Fiberboards are produced mainly by well-known Austrian companies. These building materials contain the best traditions of foreign specialists.
Of course, the fiberboard plates that we produce differ in their quality. However, if you use their construction of houses, then there is practically no particular difference between the materials of our and foreign manufacturers. Some distinctive characteristics are present only in the variety of wood filler, which is the basis for the building board itself.
Dutch companies, as well as well-known manufacturers of wood-cement boards, use a unique technology in the pressing process, in which wood, which often has to be used in the form of chips, forms the future building material thanks to a special wool. It is obtained after a certain processing of wood. Thus, it is possible to ensure the wetting of this material, its subsequent mixing with cement, in the proportions necessary to create a building board.
With the help of modern equipment, even the length and thickness of the plate itself can be adjusted. This is very convenient, because in some residential premises it is necessary to preserve free space, while minimizing the thickness of the walls.
For comparison, at the beginning of the use of such technologies to create plates, specialists used special devices that allow them to adjust their length and thickness manually. Additional financial resources were spent on this, electricity and water were spent. Now this procedure can be simplified by using only a computer and all kinds of programs that can perform several tasks at the same time. It all depends on the parameters entered into the system, as well as on the correct operation of the equipment.
Wood-cement boards have several main varieties. These include cement-bonded particle boards. Based on the name, these are building materials, which are based on crushed chips pressed in a certain way or various waste products from the production of various wood products.
A special group is chip-cement slabs. They contain almost one hundred percent content of mineralized wood chips and cement, as the main fixer for the slab itself. A separate group is represented by cement fibrolite. It contains a special material that can later be used for thermal insulation. It is obtained in a certain way by using the technology of creating boards from special wood wool.
Building materials and the use of modern technologies can be created with minimal financial costs. However, the quality of such constituent elements present in wood-cement tiles will vary. In fact, it all depends on what kind of wood the manufacturer uses for subsequent work.
Foreign manufacturers differ from ours only in the use of different technologies for pressing boards. After all, such a building material is obtained from recycled materials. The importance of its further use is due to the development of waste-free production and methods for introducing such programs at all factories and enterprises working with the production of goods from wood and cement.
We choose building materials for the construction of an energy-efficient house
By and large, an energy-efficient home should be like a thermos, which practically does not cool down. Therefore, one of the most important tasks in the design of such houses is to limit heat loss along their perimeter: through the foundation, external walls and roof.
Designing energy efficient house, it must be taken into account that all external surfaces, that is, the floor on the pound, walls and roof, must have a certain heat transfer coefficient (see table below). A “box” built from the right materials significantly slows down cooling, which means it reduces heat loss. It remains to decide which materials are considered correct.
underground surfaces
Energy-efficient homes are not just about well-insulated walls and roofs. These are also underground planes, i.e. foundation walls, ground floor or foundation slabs.
The foundation walls are called relatively small structural elements of the house with a height of 50-150 cm. Their dimensions depend on the number of floors, the height of the basement and the type of walls on the first floor. In energy-efficient houses, the foundation walls are usually two or three layers.
The floor on the ground is considered the least costly system for organizing the foundation - it is most often arranged in energy-efficient houses. The floor on the ground usually consists of the following layers: underlayment, waterproofing, thermal insulation, substrate under flooring and floor covering. Moreover, all the layers that are laid on the thermal insulation must be separated around the perimeter by special strips. This is especially true for underfloor heating.
Another effective and economical solution, especially in the case of difficult ground and water conditions (for example, on loose soils or areas with a high level of groundwater), is the construction of crowbars on a reinforced concrete slab. In energy-efficient homes, a heated foundation slab is preferred, which may not even be buried in the ground. This modern solution has many advantages, but the main thing is that it allows you to build a house with a high level of groundwater and on heterogeneous soil (see fig.).
For the construction of underground surfaces, solid, void-free materials are most suitable. Consider the most effective of them.
concrete blocks measuring 12 x 25 x 38 cm and weighing 25 kg - the ideal material for the foundation. They are very durable, frost-resistant and absorb little moisture (5-9%). In addition, they are relatively cheap.
Aerated concrete blocks
In domestic cottage construction, aerated concrete blocks with a density of 350-600 kg / m3 are used. Usually, the density of aerated concrete is chosen based on the climatic zone in which construction is planned. Single-layer walls made of this material are quite consistent with energy efficiency requirements. But there is also a more profitable option - ENERGO blocks with a density of 350 kg / m3 and with a standard resistance to heat transfer. The walls of them perfectly level out external temperature fluctuations and are characterized by a long cooling time. And these are exactly the parameters due to which the most comfortable and healthy atmosphere inside the house is achieved.
Hollow filling blocks allow you to make foundation walls with a thickness of 20, 25 and 30 cm. The holes in them are filled with ordinary concrete or expanded clay concrete. Walls made of this material have almost the same properties as walls made of solid concrete blocks. Additionally, you can use metal rods that will increase the strength of the structure.
Solid ceramic bricks also suitable for building foundations. They are available in clinker (12% absorbency) or well-fired clay (20% absorbency). Bricks are small in size and weight, but require a lot of time for laying and plastering before installing vertical waterproofing.
Advantages of clinker bricks.
Clinker brick has a denser structure compared to conventional facing bricks. This significantly increases the frost resistance and durability of this building material, but at the same time increases the thermal conductivity coefficient. This property of clinker must be taken into account when calculating the thickness of the outer walls of the building - in order to achieve energy efficiency at home, the thermal insulation properties of these structures will have to be increased by adding an additional insulating layer. Accordingly, construction costs will also increase - up to about 5%, excluding the difference in the cost of bricks. But in return, you get a durable, refined and prestigious facade that will favorably emphasize the beauty of your home, last for a long time and at the same time will not require regular expenditure of time and money for repairs.
Monolithic concrete- a guarantee of durability at a low price. The properties of concrete make it possible to make both walls and foundation slabs durable, frost-resistant, practically non-absorbent and cheap. The disadvantage is the need for formwork.
For foundation waterproofing liquid bituminous mastics(creating strong, elastic, resistant to many chemicals and UV radiation coatings) and waterproofing films made of PVC or polyethylene with a thickness of 0.6-2 mm, which can be glued to the base or fixed mechanically at any time of the year, regardless of the weather.
Thermal insulation materials for surfaces in contact with the ground must be resistant to moisture and mechanical damage.
Forwarded expanded polystyrene - the best solution for insulation of walls, foundation slabs and floors on the ground. This material has good, heat-insulating, water-repellent and strength characteristics. At polystyrene foam The quality is slightly worse, but it is cheaper. For insulation of foundation walls, slabs with a specific gravity of at least 20 kg/m3 are suitable.
Exterior walls
The quality of the visible parts of the building is no less important than the quality of the foundation. From appearance and specifications walls, roofs, windows and doors depends on both the attractiveness of the building and its energy efficiency. Consider the highest quality technical solutions for external enclosing structures. Three-layer walls are one of the best structures, each layer of which performs certain function(see fig.). A bearing wall 18-20 cm thick can be made of hollow ceramic blocks, lime-sand bricks and other materials. An insulating layer of expanded polystyrene or hard mineral wool 15-20 cm thick guarantees good thermal insulation of the wall and eliminates cold bridges. And a protective layer 8-12 cm thick of clinker bricks, lime-sand, concrete or ceramic blocks (often plastered) guarantees an attractive appearance of the building, long service life and additional sound insulation.
Double layer walls thinner than three layers. They are less durable and more susceptible to mechanical damage. External load-bearing walls 24-29 cm thick are made of the same materials as three-layer ones. Expanded polystyrene is used as thermal insulation, less often - mineral wool. Most often, the insulation layer is protected with fiberglass mesh and thin plaster.
Single layer walls with an appropriate thermal insulation layer - perhaps the best solution for energy-efficient homes. But only on condition that they were built from ceramic hollow blocks, the voids in which were filled with foam chips. For walls with a thickness of 31-36 cm, the coefficient of resistance to heat transfer is 0.19 W / (m2 - ° C). The thickened inner layer of expanded clay concrete improves thermal accumulation and gives the wall additional strength.
Requirements for walls in an economical, energy efficient home
It is imperative to ensure that the thermal properties of the masonry walls made of ceramic blocks comply with the requirements of building codes. So, for example, for the temperature zone of our country, covering all the northern and central regions, the heat transfer resistance of the walls is 2.8 m2 - ° C / W.
The masonry of walls made of Porotherm 38 P+W blocks with a heat-saving mortar satisfies the requirements of the above-mentioned DBN in the I temperature zone, and hence the requirements of other, less severe temperature zones. The thickness of such a wall, excluding plaster layers, is 38 cm. A wall built from Porotherm 44 and 50 P + W blocks (44 and 50 cm thick, respectively) will have a margin for thermal insulation.
Roofs
The roof is one of essential elements at home. Special requirements are imposed on the roofs of operated attics (mansards). When installing them, you must comply with all the conditions of heat and sound insulation. In addition, the roof structure should be light, and this can only be achieved thanks to a multi-layer roof covering that can be made from almost any available material (metal, ceramic or bituminous tiles, sheet metal, reeds, etc.). It all depends on the architect and the owner. But the main thing is that the coating is airtight and durable.
frame roofs are selected taking into account the type of coating. A solid frame of boards or OSB boards is required when roofing with bitumen or metal sheets. When covering with tiles (ceramic or metal), a wooden crate is stuffed onto the rafter system. The rafter system is usually made of beams. Traditional Options structures are adapted to the small size of the houses and the slight angle of inclination of the slopes.
Wind isolation- this is a film with high vapor permeability, necessary in houses with a residential attic. It protects the mineral wool layer from rain and snow that can penetrate through the coating, and at the same time allows moisture that accumulates in the thermal insulation layer to evaporate.
thermal insulation is most often made of mineral wool and laid in two or three layers. In energy-efficient houses, the thickness of the insulation should be 20-25 cm (minimum 8 cm in a single-layer version). Mineral wool not only reliably protects the room under the roof from heat loss, but also acts as a sound insulator, does not burn, is characterized by sufficient elasticity and easily fits between the rafters. However, we must remember that she is afraid of moisture, so a vapor barrier is required for a roofing cake. It is a film of polyethylene or other material that allows steam to pass through and prevents moisture from accumulating in the insulation. As the inner lining, you can use wooden lining, plasterboard sheets, etc.
New floor designs
Prefabricated monolithic floors (eg Teriva) are much warmer and lighter than traditional structures. They make it possible to use a lightweight foundation and modern, lighter and cheaper wall materials. With regard to speed, 100 m2 of ceilings are assembled manually with the help of 4 workers in 2-3 days. These designs do not require additional costs for various kinds of insulation, since they have high thermal conductivity and noise absorption. In addition, they are economical in finishing: a layer of concrete is enough on top, from which a finishing screed for the floor is immediately made, and from below - a perfectly flat ceiling surface, on which it is enough to apply a thin layer of plaster (2-3 mm). All these factors make floors a practically and financially profitable building material, with the help of which savings of the order of 10-30% can be achieved.
Basic requirements for building structures and materials for their manufacture
thermal insulation- the main parameter that directly affects the cost of home maintenance. This is due to the fact that walls and roofs transmit about 30-55% of the heat used for heating, and windows and doors - about 15-25%. It is not surprising that experts recommend using thermal insulation made of mineral wool or polystyrene foam with a thickness of 15-25 cm.
Soundproofing affects comfort, it is especially important in places with increased level noise. Good sound insulation is provided by concrete, ceramic bricks, mineral wool and other materials.
Accumulation heat eliminates temperature fluctuations in the room and saves thermal energy. This characteristic is mandatory for energy efficient houses. It is possessed by heavy materials: stone, concrete, clinker and lime-sand bricks.
Comparative characteristics of the external surfaces of houses
SURFACE TYPE | VALUE OF THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W/(m2 - °С) |
|
REGULAR HOUSE | ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSE |
|
Exterior walls | 0,30 | 0,15-0,20 |
Window | 0.80-1 |
|
External doors | 2,60 | 0,80-1 |
Roof | 0,30 | 0.15-0,20 |
Paul on the pound | 0,60 | 0,15-0,20 |
Ceiling over basement | 0,60 | 0,20-0,30 |
Some details that are important to consider when building a new energy-efficient home.
- The price of a roof is about 10-15% of the cost of a house box. The right choice of coating and professional installation can reduce heat loss during the operation of the building by 20-30%.
- Sealed windows with double-glazed windows increase the heat and sound insulation of openings by 3-4 times compared to
- with old woodwork.
- Wooden houses take about a year to shrink. Only after this time, you can start finishing work.
- Walls built of ceramic blocks have such high thermal insulation performance that they do not need
- in insulation.
Advice: Combination of materials
Replacement of one material provided in the project for another chosen by the customer is possible with certain conditions. As a rule, the permissible replacement of wall materials concerns those cases when it comes to elements with similar dimensions (in particular, width) and technical parameters. If you want to replace materials with different parameters and properties.
For example, hollow ceramic blocks to aerated concrete blocks, it is necessary to consult with the designer and obtain written permission. This is due to the fact that such a replacement may require adjustments to some technical solutions. Such technical changes can only be made by a designer or a specialist with the appropriate rights.
In most cases, the use of different wall materials in one structure - for example, aerated concrete not on the first floor, but brick on the second - will inevitably lead to the formation of cracks on the wall due to the difference in thermal insulation parameters and compressive strength of the two materials.
If you are NOT building with your own hands: quality control of construction
In order for an ordinary consumer to understand how well the house that he is going to purchase is insulated, you must first study the project, understand the structures of the enclosing walls, roofs, ceilings, etc.
As a rule, wall structures are multi-layered - for example, plaster + insulation + brickwork, ventilation facade + insulation + monolithic concrete, frame wall with sheathing and insulator, etc. In each case, you need to calculate the entire “pie” of the structure and check the obtained values for compliance with the standards.
For example, in Europe, and throughout the world, there is a labeling of buildings that automatically shows the energy efficiency class and affects the cost of selling or renting a given property. In our country, there are also energy labels and an energy passport for buildings, but, unfortunately, these standards and requirements are not met, especially in private housing construction.
The choice of material for the construction of the foundation is determined by its type. However, it is possible to identify the main building materials used in order to create a solid foundation for country house.
So, to create a foundation, you will need:
Concrete
Stone material, which is a hardened mixture of binder, sand, water and fillers. As a filler, as a rule, gravel, crushed stone or also sand are used.
The binder in concrete is:
- cement
- mixture of lime with silica materials (silicate concrete)
- organic polymer (various resins)
Hardened concrete is durable, waterproof and frost-resistant. It is quite simple to use - even a person who does not have a special construction education can handle the laying of concrete.
When erecting monolithic foundations, concrete is poured into the prepared trench in its original form. For prefabricated belt or columnar foundations pre-formed (usually in the factory) concrete blocks are used.
Sand
This material is used not only as a component of concrete, but also to create a sand cushion of the foundation. A sand cushion is prepared if loose soil cannot serve as a worthy foundation.
The top layer of soil is removed and, instead, coarse or medium-grained sand is poured into the resulting recess (layer thickness - 50-60 cm).
Wood
When building a foundation, wood can be used as a direct building material (wooden supports for pile foundation) or in the form auxiliary element(formwork for pouring concrete).
Wood is cheap and easy to use. However, it should be noted that the durability of wood leaves much to be desired, as it is highly susceptible to decay.
Reinforcing steel
Reinforcing structure woven into concrete will make the foundation strong and reliable. In order to make reinforcement of a reinforced concrete structure, it is necessary to use flexible steel rods or meshes.
Reinforcing steel must be strong and at the same time quite ductile. Its surfaces are usually ribbed to improve adhesion to concrete.
Heaters
In order to subsequently save on space heating, special heaters can be laid in the concrete foundation structures. These include:
- expanded clay (artificial porous filler in the form of crushed stone or gravel)
- mineral wool boards (stone fiber material)
- polystyrene (plastic mass of a cellular structure) and polystyrene foam (a type of foam)
Wooden construction is at the peak of its popularity today. And, this has been going on for quite some time. The building material called wood is not going to give way to others in the near future. This is due to the ecological cleanliness of wooden buildings, economy, sufficient ease and speed of erection of a log house, and the durability of materials.
List of materials from which you can build a house
Wooden house can be made of the following materials:
- logs, which are processed on grinders;
- ideally even, correctly shaped, rounded log;
- untreated by additional methods of timber;
- timber, which has been processed on planing machines;
- timber, made by gluing several layers of wood;
- a log processed from one or two sides - a gun carriage.
Each of the listed materials has many advantages, and disadvantages are not excluded. The specific choice depends on the preferences of the owners and their financial capabilities.
Details about wood materials
An ideally flat wall surface, with a very tight connection of the elements, can be obtained by using rounded logs for the construction of a log house. All elements are marked, grooves and channels are made in their production, which greatly speeds up and simplifies assembly.
The excellent quality of processing and the beauty of a smooth log allow the owners of a new house to save on finishing materials - the building looks very attractive anyway.
Antiseptics and paints for a wooden house
An important stage of construction is the treatment of crowns with antiseptic and other protective compounds. If it is not produced, then in a year the wooden building will be infected with wood-boring beetles, mold fungi, which will rapidly begin to reduce the strength of the wood and destroy it.
I consider Orion a proven, professional company. They have been on the market since 2006. The choice of domestic and foreign paints and varnishes, protective equipment is very large. You can also purchase other necessary wood products: mastics, sealants, varnishes, bleaches, etc. But, you need to order the goods in their online store, and you will already need to receive the purchased products at the address: Lunacharsky street, house 360.
In modern construction stores in Gelendzhik, there is a large selection of materials, both at a high cost and more affordable (budget option) for building insulation, wooden material, paints and varnishes, facing materials, for facades, roofs, etc. I have never had to deal with a careless attitude towards the buyer. Consultants will always inform you and help you choose the most suitable material. For bulk purchases and for regular customers there are good discounts, which, of course, pleases.
Should we build a wooden house in Moscow?
A good range of goods for wooden housing construction in an excellent price-quality ratio is worth looking at and choosing in the section"Products" of our website of the Winter House group.
Thematic video about the products of the Zimniy Dom Group of Companies: