Coal stove for farm. Do-it-yourself coal stove
54564
Short description:
Coal heating stove, max volume of heated room 250 m3, combustion chamber volume 120 l, max power 15 kW, chimney diameter 120 mm, min chimney height 5 m, firebox made of heat-resistant steel with a chromium content of at least 13 percent, CAST IRON DOOR FURNACES, weight 113 kg, dimensions LxWxH 630x440x770 mm.
Distinctive features:
- TERMOFOR coal-fired heating furnace Professor Butakov Engineer with a cast-iron door is a solid fuel hot air boiler, which is designed for economical air heating of residential and industrial premises, garages, basements, greenhouses, barns, kungs, drying chambers, as well as for heating food.
- The furnace operates in an economical (gas generating) combustion mode.
- Permitted fuels: coal, firewood.
- The boiler body is an all-welded construction of the original type, made of special structural steel 3 mm thick. Due to this, the walls of the furnace quickly heat up and just as quickly begin to warm up the air of the heated room.
- The boiler consists of convective pipes surrounding the combustion chamber. Their surface is effectively used to transfer heat to the air circulating through them in a heated room. A specially organized labyrinth of convective pipes and gas guide screens in the upper zone of the combustion chamber allows more complete use of the body of gases leaving the chimney. This system consists of hermetically fixed, between the top cover and the bottom of the housing, pipes with open ends. Curved pipes run along the sides of the chamber, crossing at the top, and straight pipes in the back and front parts of the combustion chamber. The pipes are completely under the influence of the flame, and the front and rear walls of the furnace are also included in the heat exchange process. The inlet openings of the convection pipes are elevated from the floor level, which is favorable for free air convection of the heated air. Special jets supply hot air for afterburning outgoing gases.
- Heat-resistant steel firebox has the form of a free-burning flame solid fuel. Especially for the possibility of using coal as fuel, metal in the areas of the chamber that are most susceptible to high temperatures, i.e. wear out (burn out) faster than with conventional firewood, installed special protective screens from high-alloyed stainless steel with a chromium content of 13-18%, 2 mm thick.
- Cast iron door with translucent screen made of heat-resistant Schott Robaxx glass, rotates on hinges and has a cavity with a seal installed in it. The locking mechanism securely locks the door in the closed position by turning the handle. The door can open up to 120 degrees
- The grate, made of massive cast iron, is installed in the lower part of the furnace and is designed to force combustion and obtain a powerful high-temperature flame when the furnace is ignited and significantly extends the service life of the furnace.
- A retractable ash drawer located under the firebox helps to clean the stove accurately and easily without interrupting the combustion process.
- Food can be heated on the top surface of the oven.
- For the purpose of fire safety and regulation of the gas-dynamic process in the working furnace, a gate is installed on the smoke channel, in an accessible place for operation.
- Due to the additional heat remover from the side convection pipes, it is possible to direct the heated air through the air ducts to the neighboring (adjacent through the wall) rooms. NOT INCLUDED IN THE DELIVERY SET AND TO BE PURCHASED SEPARATELY.
- For normal operation of the furnace, a chimney with a length of at least 5 meters is required. CHIMNEY PIPES AND ALL CONNECTING ELEMENTS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE DELIVERY SET AND ARE PURCHASED SEPARATELY. ATTENTION! THE STRUCTURES OF THE ROOMS AROUND THE FURNACE AND THE CHIMNEY PIPE MUST MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF SNiP 41-01-2003.
It seems that it is very easy to kindle the stove, just throw in firewood, some coal, splash lighter fluid and a flaming match. But by no means should this be done. The stove should be treated with care, observing all fire regulations and carefully monitoring the condition of the stove structure itself.
Coal is used in order to ensure uniform long-term heating of the furnace and the room as a whole. In addition, it is much more profitable to heat the stove with them than with firewood alone.
Types of coal
The origin of coal is vegetable. This rock mainly consists of carbon and non-combustible impurities that form ash during combustion. In coals mined in different areas, the amount of impurities is not the same. Sulfur contained in the rock, when burned, forms oxides, which in the atmosphere turn into sulfuric acid. Especially a lot of sulfur is found in lingit. Coal is divided into several types, depending on its characteristics.
Age criteria:
- - lingit (used in power plants because of its friability and crumbling properties, the youngest type of coal);
- - brown coal;
- - coal;
- - anthracite (has the most ancient origin).
Humidity (W) and content of volatile impurities (VH):
- lingit
- brown coal: B = 30 to 40%, LP > 50%;
- hard coal: B = 12 to 16%, LP = 40%;
- anthracite: B = LP = 5-7%.
Specific heat of combustion:
- brown coal - 3-5 thousand kcal / kg;
- coal - 5-5.5 thousand kcal / kg;
- anthracite - 7.4-9 thousand kcal / kg.
Which stoves are designed for kindling coal
The combustion temperature of coal is higher than the combustion temperature of logs. Therefore, special design furnaces are heated with coal. Theoretically, it is possible to heat with coal and ordinary brick ovens, but the firebox should have thickened walls, and the grate should be located two rows lower. In addition, the design must have a separate exhaust system designed for coal, not connected to other systems.
Sometimes in furnaces, inside the firebox, two boilers with water are installed, which serve to heat the room and protect the brickwork from overheating. In such structures, it is necessary to ensure that there is always water in the pipes.
The ash pan and the grate must necessarily match each other in size so that there is no heat loss. To enhance the draft, special nozzles are used on the stove.
Causes of smoke
- Formation of a blockage in the flue riser or furnace channels.
- Cracks in the oven lining. Due to their appearance, thrust and flue gas temperatures decrease.
- Destruction of the inner masonry of the furnace.
- Strong cooling chimney and the whole structure of the furnace.
- The stove can smoke if, in parallel with another stove, it is connected to the same chimney without a special divider (smoke damper).
Preparing the stove for kindling
Before lighting the oven, check its serviceability and prepare for kindling. This is especially true in country cottages, where the stove is used infrequently, upon the arrival of the owners.
- Visually inspect the oven for cracks in the masonry. If they are present in the room, smoke, carbon monoxide can enter, moreover, when heated, the crack can increase and damage the masonry even more. If cracks are found, they are sealed with a mixture of clay and sand.
- We check the presence of whitewash on the pipe (in the attic and roof).
- It is undesirable to place combustible, especially flammable, objects closer than half a meter from the hot walls of the furnace. Also, do not stack dry firewood close to the stove.
- It is recommended to clean the pipe 2-3 times a month (with constant use).
- Before kindling, clean the oven. We fill the slag and ash with water and remove it with a poker, removing it to a specially designated place. The outer walls of the oven are cleaned of dust with a dry cloth. If this is not done, the dust will cause an unpleasant odor.
- Pieces of bitumen, household and construction waste, plastic, etc. must not be used for kindling.
- Do not open both the blower and the oven door at the same time.
- In order not to overheat the stove, it is heated several times a day, the duration should not exceed two hours.
- Coal for kindling is chosen dry, of medium size. Before loading into the oven, it is cleaned of dust. If the fuel is wet, then when heated, the moisture becomes steam, which turns into condensate, which settles on the pipe walls, mixes with soot and cools the structure.
- Flammable liquids (kerosene, gasoline, etc.) must not be used for ignition.
- It is impossible to leave the stove unattended during kindling, especially if there are children and animals in the house.
- We clean the stove from ash and soot, prepare coal.
- At the bottom of the firebox we lay a layer of crumpled newspapers or paper, on top - a layer of medium-sized wood chips.
- On top of the chips we lay dry firewood of a small size, such as birch. In order for firewood to burn more efficiently, they are laid in a “well” or “hut” (with a sufficiently large volume of the chamber in which the fuel is burned), leaving space between the firewood for free air circulation.
- You can kindle newspapers with ordinary matches, or with a special spray can.
- Close the oven door. And we open the blower. With its help, we regulate the intensity of combustion - the greater the air flow, the stronger the flame in the furnace.
- When the firewood burns out, and a layer of hot coals forms, we pour a layer of fine coal (about fifteen centimeters) into the oven.
- When opening the firebox door, the blower should be closed.
- After the sprinkled layer of coal flares up, it is increased to sixty centimeters (larger fraction).
Important! During the burning of coals, they should be stirred up a little for better air circulation and to prevent sintering of the mass.
Coal is laid through the firebox door or through shifted burners metal plate. The second option is more convenient and safer.
If, after using coal, coal dust remains in the place of its storage, then you should not throw it away, it is more economical to use it for heating.
For ignition, a piece of steel pipe is used. Small firewood and a layer of coal of a large fraction are loaded into it. Outside, the pipe is covered with wet fine coal. After that, the pipe is pulled out through the holes in the stove and firewood is kindled. Fuel is added after the previous layer has burned through.
For regions and settlements in which there is no centralized gas supply today, as well as several hundred years ago, their own local heating and cooking systems are relevant. In various regions of both our country and abroad, people have developed their own models of stoves for a long time, adapted to the most common types of fuel for the area. If in the steppes it is most common to drown with specially prepared and dried waste products of the vital activity of large animals, then for large mining areas and mountains it is customary to build a coal stove with your own hands and no one is surprised by the presence of such a structure in a residential area.
Features of the design of coal furnaces
- The principle of combustion and air supply differs, if for wood stoves the most efficient combustion can be achieved when air is supplied directly to the place of combustion of the fuel from above, then for coal-fired furnaces it is necessary to purge the fuel and supply the air mixture from below.
- For wood stoves, the use of dry fuel in the heating process is not particularly critical. It is only important that the initial kindling of the furnace occurs with dry material. It is desirable to preheat coal before adding it to the crucible in a special section of the furnace, which is heated by flue gases.
- The design of the chimney for a coal stove is somewhat different from wood-fired counterparts and is designed for a higher air flow rate. And the flow itself and its speed are not regulated by a yushka, but with the help of a blower. The damper itself, which blocks the chimney (yushka), is completely absent. This feature is due to the fact that coal stoves smolder for a very long time, and do not quickly burn through the fuel like wood stoves. The disadvantages of coal stoves are also associated with this feature: (See also: )
- it is impossible to block the chimney by preventing the weathering of heat due to the danger of being poisoned by carbon monoxide, and therefore coal heating stoves cool down rather quickly.
- For normal combustion of a coal stove in its lower compartment, it is desirable to exclude the presence of combustion products. To do this, it is necessary to periodically clean the blower, which will be constantly replenished with burnt coal. In this case, cleaning should take place more frequently than is necessary for a wood-burning stove.
- The walls of coal stoves must withstand higher temperatures than conventional wood-burning ones, so they will be thicker, and more heat-resistant materials must be used to build them. (See also: )
- A coal stove can have a special fuel loading design, this is due to a higher ignition temperature of coal - that is, it will not be possible to flood such a stove with only a piece of newspaper and matches. Therefore, in a coal stove, firewood is first kindled, and coal is loaded from above, which gradually flares up as the firewood burns out.
In practice, combined stoves are often used, in which both coal and firewood can be burned at the same time. In addition, fuel can also be used as a fuel peat briquette, which by combustion is very similar to coal. In combined devices, all elements of both a coal and wood-burning stove are simultaneously present.
The choice of materials for the construction of the furnace
- Brick - necessary in order to assemble the main body of the furnace and the chimney. When choosing a brick, you must remember the need to withstand them high temperatures in the furnace and chimney, therefore, for greater reliability, two types of brick are needed:
- burnt clay brick not lower than the first grade, which is distinguished from a simpler and baser one by a pronounced red color, it will be used for outdoor work with the furnace body;
- fireclay bricks, which are much more needed for a brick coal stove than for a wood-burning one due to the fact that, in addition to the crucible, they need to lay out a significant part of the chimney from the inside. (See also: )
- Clay, familiar to this type of construction, will also be required in two versions:
- ordinary oily or bold oil with a low content of sand, which you can independently extract from the banks of rivers and lakes;
- fireclay clay is purchased at hardware stores and is intended for work at elevated temperatures.
- For a tighter fit of the brick and its high-quality fixing in the masonry with clay, a special heat-resistant adhesive is needed, which is available in powder form and mixed with clay according to the instructions placed on the package.
- To assemble the outer masonry of the furnace, instead of a scarce clay mortar, you can use its cement substitute. But when choosing cement, you should not consider material of industrial classification below 500 as a substitute for clay, this will avoid difficulties in the further operation of the furnace.
- Cast iron products are necessary in order to assemble a coal stove with your own hands without having special skills in the construction of such structures. Cast iron products are used because they have a similar thermal expansion characteristic to clay and clay products. And also products made of cast iron are extremely resistant to temperature changes and therefore, in order for them to burn out, they need much more time than for steel.
- Steel products - you can’t do without them in the modern realities of building furnaces. First of all, the steel sheet will be used to protect the flooring from fire, and it must be fixed before the blower. Secondly, steel yushki will be indispensable when creating combination ovens designed for several types of fuel. And thirdly, a home-made coal stove cannot do without neat steel doors with reliable fastening and bolts.
Construction of a coal furnace
Before starting construction, each of the owners will choose their own design option. Someone will prefer to install a coal stove in the house long burning, and someone will stop at the economical option "baby" or "housekeeper". But for each of the available options, the sequence of construction work remains unchanged.
If you don’t know where to start the construction of the furnace, and the materials and tools have already been selected, then the first step is to prepare the construction site. To do this, you will have to clean it of foreign objects and debris. Then, if the stove is being built indoors, the flooring must be removed, which is an unreliable combustible material and is not suitable for the base of the stove.
When building a coal furnace for a long time, even if the most economical and lightweight design option is chosen, one should not forget about a reliable foundation. It is he who will not allow the furnace to go into the ground over time or change the geometric dimensions due to the lowering of one of the corners. The foundation must be made reliable and solid, then, if necessary, change the configuration of the furnace or upgrade it, you will not have to deal with it again.
When the place and foundation of the future furnace are ready, you can begin its serial construction. The ordering scheme can be taken from open sources. It is she who will not allow a novice specialist to make a mistake when erecting load-bearing walls and internal lintels.
Particular attention must be paid to the order of the vault of the firebox. This element of the furnace design is one of the most difficult to implement and requires utmost attention.
When the coal stove is folded, it is necessary to make a chimney for it. Here you will have to apply all the knowledge accumulated by the ancestors and modern developments, because the chimney will essentially be constantly open and it is necessary to prevent the room from quickly cooling down and reverse thrust. The basis of the chimney of a coal stove should be a horizontal or vertical chimney, which will reduce the speed of the exhaust gases and allow the furnace body to receive additional heat from them.
During the construction of a coal stove, special attention must be paid to its safe operation, and the space in front of the firebox on fuel flooring cover as much as possible with metallic material.
The use of materials is allowed only if there is an indexed link to the page with the material.
Modern design for any interior
AT winter time heating of non-residential premises in the form of garages, sheds, baths and small country houses the owners need it not constantly, but from time to time. At the same time, the main goal is to quickly obtain heat at minimal financial cost. Due to the high cost of electricity electric heaters are not always economically viable in such premises. An optimal source of heating for a small room can be a long-burning coal-fired stove.
Its work is based on the principle of pyrolysis, when combustion occurs from top to bottom with controlled air injection. Coal for these furnaces is a cheap, affordable and cost-effective fuel. The design of long-burning furnaces provides a high level of efficiency due to high-quality heat transfer.
How does pyrolysis work?
The pyrolysis process is a thermochemical decomposition of solid fuel. It takes place in four stages:
- Drying. At this stage, moisture is removed from the fuel bookmark due to the heat of kindling.
- When heated, volatile components are released from the bulk of the fuel. Heavy hydrocarbons in the form of tars and bitumens, which are part of the coal mass, decompose to volatile compounds. After that, charring, or carbonization, of the fuel begins.
- When sufficient oxygen is present and the temperature of the hydrolysis gases rises to the flash point, the combustion process begins. The temperature in this zone reaches +600 degrees, which gives rise to the process of burning carbon.
- After the volatile substances burn out from the bulk of the fuel, red-hot slag with carbon residues remains in the dying furnace. In conditions of lack of oxygen and a decrease in temperature to +400 degrees, it begins to work as a catalyst for a reduction reaction. Hydrogen is released from water vapor, and carbon monoxide is released from carbon dioxide in the form of carbon monoxide.
A lot of energy is expended on the decomposition of coal residues in the last stage, and the formed compounds give off heat back. Therefore, in fact, we have an endothermic reaction.
Carbon monoxide produced after burning coal is a toxic compound that is dangerous to human health. In order to retain the reduced gases in the hot zone, it is necessary to ensure that sufficient freshly heated air enters there to achieve high efficiency of the unit.
A simple design solution for long-burning furnaces ensures their efficient operation. Additional heat can be obtained from the mass of fuel loaded into the long-burning furnace by adjusting the air supply. As a result, the resulting gases become purer.
Homemade potbelly stove
AT recent times many designers offer exclusive options for bourgeois stoves or fireplace stoves that are installed in country houses. For residents of prestigious cottages, they are not only an additional source of heat, but also a beautiful accessory for the interior design of the premises. Such individual stoves fill the room with both warmth and special comfort. Firewood crackling in a stove or fireplace looks very beautiful and romantic when a winter blizzard rages outside the window.
The most popular, primitive and efficient long-burning stove for temporary heating is the well-known potbelly stove. Its simple device is based on the "symbiosis" of the Russian stove and fireplace. With one load of fuel, it is able to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature for 4 hours. The potbelly stove can be installed in any space where a chimney can be removed.
Homemade unit
Today, anyone who has the skills to perform plumbing work can make a potbelly stove with their own hands from all kinds of improvised materials. This oven:
- Not dependent on electricity and gas.
- Easy to maintain and operate.
- Allows you to control the combustion process.
- Takes up little space.
- Compact and economical.
- It may have a hole for installing dishes to cook food or heat water.
Among the disadvantages of such a furnace, it should be noted a low efficiency, a high rate of exhaust gases and rapid cooling. Therefore, to maintain the temperature in the room, it must be heated constantly.
As a fuel for a potbelly stove, you can use:
- coal;
- firewood;
- pressed chips;
- sawdust briquettes.
Materials and equipment for independent work
Our craftsmen make potbelly stoves, having a welding machine at hand and used ones:
- large cans;
- metal corners;
- wide pipes;
- gas cylinders;
- metal boxes;
- large fire extinguishers;
- old barrels;
- steel sheets;
- chimney pipes;
- metal grills.
Procedure
For the convenience of work, you can also use the technical style of factory production in the form of:
- grate;
- valves;
- burners;
- cast iron doors.
The main elements of the combustion unit
For the manufacture of potbelly stoves do not need detailed drawings. The main thing is to get the most efficient design. Consider the main nodes that make up the homemade design of the potbelly stove.
combustion chamber
It is the combustion chamber that performs the function of heat transfer. The larger its outer surface area, the better.
It is important that the bottom of the chamber has sufficient area for stacking firewood or filling coal. Therefore, cylindrical homemade devices placed on the side. Rectangular furnaces are designed in a horizontal design with minimum dimensions 250×350 mm.
Oversized and practical in an upright position.
Ash pan
Type of finished product
An ash pan additionally welded or screwed to the bottom of the structure is convenient for choosing ash. Its arrangement with a blower contributes to better heat generation, and the lower door provides the supply of the required amount of oxygen and regulates the intensity of combustion.
Doors and openings
These elements are made by hand from the remnants of metal after cutting openings. After all, patches from cylinders repeat the bending of the surface, and this is very important in work. Steel canopies for doors are attached to the body by welding, and then the doors themselves are hung on them.
Here it is imperative to provide a locking device, which can be made like a guillotine valve or a deadbolt.
The optimal openings for the firebox have dimensions of 250 × 250 mm, for the blower - a height of 100 and a width of 250 mm. Canopies are installed on one vertical axis. Between the openings maintain a distance of approximately 10 centimeters. To prevent the coals from falling out through the door, the opening of the firebox is located slightly above the level of the grate.
Chimney
Chimney mount
To remove flue gases in a potbelly stove, they use steel pipe with a diameter of 100–150 mm. The pipe itself is not insulated - it serves as an additional source of heat. And for better heat transfer, it is placed at the outlet with inclined or horizontal sections, thereby increasing the path of warm gases.
The outlet pipe for connecting the chimney is located on top or better on the side. The latter option slows down the removal of gases, leaving room for the cooking zone.
Note! In the chimney, to control the intensity of the removal of hot gases, it is desirable to use a rotary or directional valve.
Compliance with safety conditions during operation
When planning to make a long-burning stove with your own hands, you must always remember safety precautions. homemade device should not significantly reduce the amount of oxygen and release dangerous gases into the interior of the room.
Curtains, curtains, plastic or flammable objects should not be near long-burning stoves. To prevent a possible fire near the stove, it is necessary to provide free space, and at the bottom under it there should be a metal sheet, brick flooring or foundation.
Conclusion
Today, it is not a problem to purchase long-burning devices in the form of fireplace stoves, bourgeois stoves or heat-heating boilers for private houses or garages. This can be done in a supermarket, specialty store or ordered online. However, the easiest option - potbelly stoves - many can do it themselves with their own hands.