How to convert cubic meters to gigacalories formula. How to convert gigacalories to cubic meters
When calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water, confusion often arises. For example, if in apartment building If there is a common building heat meter, then the calculation with the supplier of thermal energy is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand the payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
Instruction
It is necessary to stipulate that thermal energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from the course of physics high school. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about gigacalories per cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the amount received hot water.
By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure thermal energy in thermal power engineering and utilities, is a billion calories. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, so there are 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55°C. If a cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5 ° C, then it will need to be heated by 50 ° C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably occur, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water will actually be about 20% more. The average norm of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal.
Let's consider a simple example. Let in between heating season, when all the heat goes only to provide hot water supply, the consumption of thermal energy, according to the readings of the general house meter, amounted to 20 Gcal per month, and the residents in whose apartments water meters were installed used up 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person has 18.23/100 = 0.18 Gcal. Gcal in m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18/0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.
When calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water, confusion often arises. For example, if there is a common house heat meter in an apartment building, then the calculation with the heat supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand the payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
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Instruction
It must be noted that thermal energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from a high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting gigacalories into cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the volume of hot water received. By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure thermal energy in thermal power engineering and utilities, is a billion calories. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, so there are 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal. The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55°C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5°C, then it will need to be heated by 50°C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably occur, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water will actually be about 20% more. The average norm of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal. Let's consider a simple example. Suppose that during the inter-heating period, when all the heat is used only to provide hot water supply, the consumption of thermal energy, according to the readings of the general house meter, amounted to 20 Gcal per month, and the residents in whose apartments water meters were installed consumed 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person has 18.23/100 = 0.18 Gcal. Converting Gcal to m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18/0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person. How simple
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When calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water, confusion often arises. For example, if there is a common house heat meter in an apartment building, then the calculation with the heat supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand the payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
Instruction
It must be noted that thermal energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from a high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about gigacalories per cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the volume of hot water received.
By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure thermal energy in thermal power engineering and utilities, is a billion calories. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, so there are 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55°C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5°C, then it will need to be heated by 50°C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably occur, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water will actually be about 20% more. The average norm of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal.
Let's consider a simple example. Suppose that during the inter-heating period, when all the heat is used only to provide hot water supply, the consumption of thermal energy, according to the readings of the general house meter, amounted to 20 Gcal per month, and the residents in whose apartments water meters were installed consumed 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person has 18.23/100 = 0.18 Gcal. Gcal in m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18/0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.
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Activist Fyodor Moiseev wrote this publication in our housing and communal services blog at the request of those elders at home, to whom he verbally told how to figure out bills for hot water. We warn you that the opinion of the editors may not coincide with the opinion of the author on the issues that he touches on in his blog posts on the Chelny LTD website.
How to convert gigacalories to cubic meters
To understand payments for hot water, it is useful to be able to convert Gigacalories to cubic meters. Why? Yes, because with the supplier of thermal energy, payments are made for the consumed Gigacalories, and the fee for residents is calculated in rubles per cubic meter of water.
It is necessary to make a reservation that thermal energy, which is measured in Gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from a high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting Gigacalories to cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the volume of hot water received.
A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie is a billion calories. There are 1 million centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from under our tap must be at least 55C (this is for a closed system, and 60C for an open one). For example, if cold water at the entrance to the so-called ITP - an individual heating point has a temperature of 5C, then it will need to be heated by 50C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal, i.e. it turns out that this is 0.055. (Let's keep quiet for now about the heat losses that occur when water moves through pipes, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply, since we are assured that all heating takes place in the basement of the house, which means that heat is not lost during transportation through pipes from the CHP). The average standard for the consumption of thermal energy to obtain a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal. That is, this should be Qmz or the heat content standard, that is, what is written below in our receipts. Simply put, this is the amount of heat required to heat 1 cubic meter of cold water to a temperature of 60C. Or if we multiply 0.059 by the cost of 1 Gcal 1439 rubles, it turns out that the price of heating 1 cubic meter of cold water is 85 rubles. To this we must add the tariff for cold chemically purified water (now it is 26.44 rubles) and multiply by the coefficient. heat loss on an uninsulated heated towel rail (1 + K), where K = 0.03. That is, the formula is almost obtained from the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 306 as amended by Decree No. 258 and the price for 1 cubic meter of hot water is 115 rubles.
A small note: I was starting from a cold water temperature of -5C, and LFTS uses 6 +1.33 = 7.33C. For your information, in Moscow the average temperature of cold water is 8.90 degrees, in Orel - 9.16, in Tyumen - 8.59, even in Petrozavodsk, where the climate is colder, it is 8.16. That is, everywhere for some reason more than here. And further. We often receive a receipt with a heat content value of 0.09 or 0.101. It turns out that we have heated water to 90C-101C?!
There is a direct proportional relationship between the heat content and the temperature of hot water, and it can be clearly seen from the heat engineering formula Qm3 = c * p * (Tgvs - Tkhvs) / 1000 (Gcal / mz). Where c is the heat capacity and p is the density of water, which we conditionally equate to 1. We multiply this value of heat content by 1000 and get the approximate value of the temperature of the water from the tap in the apartment. Look at this temperature and ask your management company how is this possible.
But all these calculations are only a classical understanding of how the process occurs. In our case, during the heating season, cold water is heated using a plate heat exchanger in the basement (for some reason we call it a “boiler” and with its help open system heat supply turns into a closed one) occurs due to the energy of the coolant from the heating pipe. That is, all thermal energy is calculated already at the entrance to the house. Minus from it thermal energy from return pipeline. The same thing happens with an open heat supply system, when all the heat energy is also calculated by the heat meter at the entrance to the house. That is, the tariff for hot water should be calculated according to formula 1 of Appendix No. 2 from Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 as amended by Decree No. 344: P \u003d V x T. Where T is the tariff for cold chemically purified water (heat carrier), and V is the entire volume of consumed resource, that is, the number of consumed cubes of hot water.
By the way, as it turned out, closed system heat supply, for all its environmental friendliness (clean cold water heats up and goes to the hot water system at home), corrosivity increases and the surface is “eaten up” very quickly metal pipes. Because of what, as one serious specialist told me (I can’t name him, the conversation was private), there are high-level debates in the republic about lowering the temperature of hot water to 50C. I want to warn you that an open heating system has its own minus. In this case, we use hot chemically purified water from the heating pipe, and it is generally not harmless to health. Therefore, the dishes must be rinsed when washing. cold water. And you can smile, but in my opinion, in those houses where there is an open heating system, the number of balding men and people with skin problems is much higher than in houses with boilers.
Sincerely, Fedor Moiseev 8 917 263 39 55
I return to the topic of where the debt comes from.
From the site I printed out a report on my house for 2010-2011.
I saw strange things: for 2010 there were no debts for the house, although they counted about 80 thousand rubles not according to payment documents, but on behalf of the DEZ of the Yakimanka district.
In this report, general house indications are indicated only for cold water. This means that hot water is heated in our basement through a storage water heater, which I mentioned earlier, but which I did not attach importance to in my naivety. At the same time, this report does not indicate the tariff for the reporting period, does not indicate the readings for apartment water meters. And in my opinion, this is a serious violation.
But already in the report for 2011 there is a debt on common property. And the deviation is 94.62%. What does all of this mean?.
And the DEZ of the Yakimanka district of Moscow has something to hide. After all, they were fined 295,000 rubles, of which only 70,000 were paid. From what source will they cover the remaining 225 thousand rubles of a fine? Of course, from the pockets of tenants, who will be presented with a far-fetched debt of dubious origin.
I will give normative and legal acts, regulating the relationship of heat supply (heat network) organizations and consumers in the field of heat supply:
- "Civil Code Russian Federation(Part Two)" dated January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ;
Housing Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 N 188-FZ;
Federal Law "On Heat Supply" dated July 27, 2010 No. 190-FZ;
- "Rules for accounting for thermal energy and coolant" (approved by the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation on September 12, 1995 No. Vk-4936) (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on September 25, 1995 No. 954);
- "Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants" (approved by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation on March 24, 2003 No. 115);
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.04.2000 No. 294 “On Approval of the Procedure for Payments for Thermal Energy and Natural Gas” (as amended on 10/17/2009);
- "Rules for establishing and changing (revision) of thermal loads" (approved by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation on December 28, 2009 No. 610);
Federal Law "On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 109 dated February 26, 2004 “On pricing of electric and thermal energy in the Russian Federation”;
Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 17.08.1995 No. 147-FZ "On natural monopolies";
Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 26, 2004 No. No. 109 "On pricing in relation to electric and thermal energy in the Russian Federation";
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.07.1998 No. 700 “On the introduction of separate cost accounting for regulated activities in the energy sector”;
Order Federal Service according to tariffs from 06.08.2004. No. 20-e/2 "On approval of guidelines for the calculation of regulated tariffs and prices for electrical (thermal) energy in the retail (consumer) market";
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.2008 No. 106 “On Approval of Regulations on Accounting”;
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n “On Approval of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for its Application”;
Order of the FTS of Russia dated December 26, 2011 No. N 824-e "On amendments and additions to the Regulations for the consideration of cases on the establishment of tariffs and (or) their maximum levels for electrical (thermal) energy (capacity) and for services provided in the wholesale and retail markets for electrical (thermal) energy (capacity) )".
These are not all of the above regulations. The deputies are trying to drive the population crazy with their duplicate laws.
I propose to understand these tricky formulas and reports together. Together we will be able to convince our thoughtless government to stop raising tariffs for housing and communal services, the savings from which, under the new Rules, will once again go into the pockets of management companies.
In this case, there are more simple formula calculation of transfer from Gcal. in cubic meters, which we will analyze using the simplest example, which we can insert into the formulas of the new Rules 354.
How to convert gcal to cubic meters.
When calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water, confusion often arises. For example, if there is a common house heat meter in an apartment building, then the calculation with the heat supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand the payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
Instruction
It must be noted that thermal energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from a high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting gigacalories into cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating water and the volume of hot water received.
By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise one cubic centimeter of water 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure thermal energy in thermal power engineering and utilities, is a billion calories. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, so there are 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters in one cubic meter. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55°C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5°C, then it will need to be heated by 50°C. Heating 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably occur, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water will actually be about 20% more. The average norm of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal.
Let's consider a simple example. Suppose that during the inter-heating period, when all the heat is used only to provide hot water supply, the consumption of thermal energy, according to the readings of the general house meter, amounted to 20 Gcal per month, and the residents in whose apartments water meters were installed consumed 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person has 18.23/100 = 0.18 Gcal. Converting Gcal to m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18/0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.
But for this calculation, we need to know the readings of general house heat meters, the readings of individual water meters, as well as the number of registered persons who do not have IPU.
But this data has not yet been obtained, because they are closed from the residents behind seven seals.
By the way, in the printed reports, I did not see square meters attributable to legal entities in our house. The conclusion suggests itself that the report is unreliable, which should be subjected to a prosecutor's check.
The payment procedure is very well laid out with examples in normative documents Moscow:
The procedure for payment by residents of bills for cold and hot water according to the indications of apartment metering devices, available on weekends in the Consultant's database;
The procedure for organizing accounting for the consumption of cold and hot water according to common house and apartment meters.
And I have no doubt that the majority does not know about the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated May 29, 2007 No. 406-PP (as amended on December 28, 2010) “On measures to further stimulate water consumption savings in the housing stock of Moscow. According to this normative act, management companies receive bonuses from the budget cash. This is how management companies fool us, collecting debts through the courts, which they cannot economically justify in any way, except for bribing a judge.