Boiler chimney options. Chimney, chimney in the house, how to make a chimney
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A brick chimney is often an extension of a fireplace or stove. Install it at the stage of building a house. If later it becomes necessary to change something in the chimney, the pipe must be disassembled and assembled again in another place.
The walls of the chimney are laid out from solid bricks, the cross section of the smoke channel must be a multiple of the size of the brick.
However, brick chimneys have disadvantages:
- they have little resistance to aggressive acids and moisture that form in the smoke channel;
- they are heavy and bulky, require a lot of internal space, and it is also necessary to strengthen the foundation of the fireplace or stove.
A chimney made of heat-resistant stainless steel is much smaller in weight and size than a brick chimney, so there is no need to strengthen the foundation. The metal structure can be used for different models of furnaces or boilers, and it can also be modular.
But if we talk about cost, modular ones are much more expensive than brick chimneys.
The chimney on the foundation must be well anchored, or it must be supported by supporting structures of the room that can withstand additional loads.
Some nuances you need to know
Chimneys, in turn, cannot be a support or load-bearing structure for any structural details or building elements, and no communications can be attached to them.
The outer surfaces of the chimney must be protected from precipitation, rain and snow. This role can be performed by plastering, bricklaying or tin lining.
The chimney cannot serve as a fastener for other structures, electrical wiring or pipelines. It is forbidden to carry out chimney work and work that can cause vibration on the chimneys.
It is not too difficult to maintain a chimney, you just need to check the tightness of the connection of modular elements or masonry joints twice a year. As necessary, it is required to clean the internal surfaces from soot, the glass doors of the fireplace insert must be wiped. Inspection of the connection of the chimney to the stove or boiler must be given special attention.
If the fireplace has not been used for a long time, before starting a fire, open the tee plug and make sure that the chimney is not clogged with bird nests, soot, etc. by looking through the chimney. If the chimney does not have tightness and the process of destruction of the steel shell or the seams of brick pipes has begun, it is necessary to overhaul chimney.
Foreword
At first glance, installing chimneys in a private house seems no more difficult than buying bread in a store - the market is full of various options for both local and foreign production. But professionals know that the device of a reliable and high-quality chimney depends on a whole set of small technical details. Only their exact observance guarantees durability of operation.
A good chimney must perform a number of mandatory functions:
- withstand very high heating temperatures;
- have good resistance to moisture (in particular, from condensate) and caustic substances (sulfuric acid);
- have good traction.
The best option- a cylindrical shape and the most smooth walls - so soot does not accumulate inside, and when it appears, it is easier to clean the chimney. In addition, chimney rules are based on building codes for proper draft and venting in the design:
- total length - more than 5 m;
- radius of curvature of the turn - no more than the diameter of the pipe;
- a maximum of three turns in the chimney;
- the bases of the smoke channel should have pockets (25-30 cm deep) for soot;
- for iron chimneys alloy steel with a thickness of 0.5 mm or more with high corrosion resistance is used;
- the cross-sectional areas of the pipe and the boiler nozzle are equal (or the pipe is larger).
What to choose?
You can choose the material of manufacture from the four most common types - brick, steel, ceramics and coaxial. The question is not only in personal wishes, but also in equipment. The “working environment” is taken into account - the temperature and pressure of the gases during combustion, the type of fuel, the distance from the structure, etc. If 2 different boilers are used, the chimney is designed for the maximum load.
Brick- economy option. Only used for solid fuel- the brick will easily withstand the high temperature from it, moreover, it is “loyal” to soot accumulations. Not suitable for gas, liquid fuels, pyrolysis and pellets - they give low temperature and condensation will inevitably appear, destroying the masonry. Although you can insert a steel liner - and heat with gas. Internal plaster is not needed, but the masonry has a 1 cm joint. Lime mortar is required in the room, the upper part is covered with ordinary concrete. Due to the high load on the walls and the foundation of the house, it is better to make a foundation for such a chimney. Over time, it collapses from condensate and quickly becomes overgrown with soot.
Ceramic. For gas, liquid fuels, pyrolysis and pellets. Strong, non-corrosive, durable, but must be installed carefully and with amendments from the manufacturer. It is better to consult with professionals how to properly mount the chimney, or entrust them with the work. In fact - a ready-made modular design. Acid-resistant, the walls are flat and do not accumulate soot. Like brick, it requires a foundation for support.
Steel. Lightweight, inexpensive, easy to install, effectively removes gases. The best choice for rooms without a chimney. Not as durable as ceramic, but the difference in service life is not fundamental. Not suitable for high temperatures, easily insulated (especially with basalt wool). The smooth surface does not accumulate soot.
Coaxial. The best option for wooden houses and boilers closed type. It is located both vertically and horizontally (in this case, with a slope from the accumulation of condensate). Good sealing against gas leakage and additional protection against debris from the outside is necessary. It works not only as a gas outlet, but also as a channel for supplying combustion air. If the location of the boiler allows - it is displayed in the nearest wall. The installation scheme of the chimney depends on the layout of the house.
Chimney installation
The rules for installing the chimney require you to start from the bottom - this will correct the design errors during the output. The inner pipe is inserted into the previous segment, the outer circuit is put on from above - so the condensate does not fall on the insulation in the circuit. The joints must be outside the thickness of the floor. Pipes are attached to tees and bends with clamps, the tee is usually reinforced with a support bracket. Fasten to the wall every 2 meters without bending the chimney. Install in such a way that the smoke channel does not come into contact with important communication elements, especially electrical wiring and gas pipes. When draining through the roof, an indentation is required (15 cm for pipes without insulation, 30 for insulated). Horizontal sectors - no longer than 1 meter.
The chimney is an indispensable element of almost any heating system. Its purpose is to remove smoke and gases from the combustion of fuel from the room. If the house has a fireplace, stove, gas boiler or solid fuel boiler, the installation of a chimney is mandatory (with the exception of chimneyless boilers, convectors). At the same time, the usual traditional brick chimney more and more replaced by more practical and reliable counterparts. The chimney must be properly designed and installed in each individual case. The operation of the chimney must be carried out strictly according to the rules, the violation of which is fraught with such consequences as smoke in the room, reverse thrust, carbon monoxide poisoning, fire. To prevent this, it is necessary to carefully understand the structure of the chimney and the requirements for its installation and installation. And if you wondered: how to make a chimney in the house, the information below will be useful to you.
Requirements for the chimney, what should be the chimney
It goes without saying that any chimney must fully comply with all fire and building codes, as well as the heating system. So, when replacing the boiler, quite often it is necessary to change the chimney. The chimney must be of sufficient height to effectively remove all combustion products. Its highest point should be at a safe distance from the roof.
The minimum height of the pipe above the roof is 50 centimeters. But a pipe of this height is only suitable for a flat roof that does not have any protrusions. If the roof has protruding elements that are located at a distance of 1.5-3 meters from the pipe, then its height should be the same as that of the protruding parts. When they are closer, the pipe should be at least half a meter higher. If the roof covering is combustible, then the height of the chimney pipe should be at least one meter, and preferably one and a half. The total length of the chimney pipe is very important, which from the combustion chamber to the head must be at least 5 meters.
The diameter of the chimney pipe is calculated based on the power of the heating boiler. For example, for a boiler with a power of 3.5 kW, the diameter of the chimney pipe must be at least 8 centimeters.
Choice of chimney
Several types of chimneys are used for modern heating systems: coaxial chimney, steel chimney and sandwich chimney. Brick chimneys are practically not used today: they are not durable, quickly become clogged with soot, and are destroyed by condensate. A brick chimney with intensive use lasts no more than 5 years, after which the masonry will need to be updated. And this is an expensive and laborious process. The steel chimney is assembled from single-layer modules.
This is the simplest and cheapest option, but at the same time, the most fire hazardous, since the metal heats up very much.
Sandwich chimney is best suited for installation in wooden house.
This type of chimney is a two-layer steel pipe structure different diameters. The gap between the pipes is filled with heat-insulating non-combustible material. When calculating the diameter of such a chimney, they are guided by the inner pipe.
As for the coaxial chimney, it also consists of two pipes nested in each other, between which an air gap is left that provides thermal insulation of the chimney. Oxygen, which enters through the air gap between the pipes, supports the combustion process in the boiler.
The inner pipe is fixed inside the outer pipe with steel jumpers. An important advantage of a coaxial chimney: it can be brought outside directly through the wall. This greatly simplifies installation and reduces the cost of construction. coaxial chimney installed mainly on gas boilers.
Chimney in a wooden house
Since wooden houses are very popular in our time, in this publication we will consider the issue of installing a chimney in this type of residential building.
Making a chimney in a wooden house is a rather serious and responsible matter. Wood begins to char already at 200 degrees Celsius, and at 300 it already burns. Therefore, the chimney must be done correctly so as not to burn down the house and not be poisoned by carbon monoxide.
The table below shows the flue gas temperature of various heating appliances and burned fuel.
Humanity has been living in wooden buildings for millennia and heating them with stoves, fireplaces, hearths, and so on. Naturally, for such a long time a lot of useful experience has been accumulated, which is reflected in modern regulations on fire safety, construction and installation of heating systems. The installation and installation of a chimney in wooden houses is also regulated in documents approved by state authorities.
For example, there is such a document as SNiP 41-01-2003 - "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning." It is to this document that the relevant authorities refer. According to SniP, the location of flammable objects closer than 130 mm from a concrete, brick or ceramic pipe in isolation is strictly prohibited. For ceramic pipes without thermal insulation, this distance is 250 mm. The tree burns very well, most types of insulation too, and there is nothing to say about polymer vapor barrier and waterproofing films. Therefore, it will be superfluous to remind that these materials should never come into contact with the chimney.
connecting the chimney to a wooden wall
The wooden wall must be isolated from the chimney as reliably as possible. The distance should be at least 25 centimeters. If asbestos insulation is not installed, then the chimney should be at a distance of 38 centimeters from the wall.
The resulting free space can be walled up with a quarter-brick wall on both sides. In newly constructed log cabins, a sliding board shield is installed to take into account the inevitable shrinkage of the building. An adjacent side wall is attached to the shield, in which holes are arranged for air circulation.
The wooden floor in the retreat must be covered with bricks, ceramic tiles or any other non-combustible material.
rules for laying a chimney through the roof
The distance between the wall of the chimney and the rafters should be at least 13 centimeters. This space is filled with stone wool. Cotton wool should not contain organic binders. If a flammable material, such as roofing material, was used in the construction of the roof, then the distance should be doubled. In places where the chimney passes, non-combustible materials are installed on the roof at a distance of at least half a meter from the pipe - slate, roofing steel, etc.
The chimney is raised above the roof level by at least half a meter if it is located near the ridge of the pitched roof, not lower than the ridge of the roof when the axis of the chimney exits from one and a half to three meters from the ridge, and also not below the conditional line drawn from the ridge at an angle of 10 degrees down to the horizon if the axis of the chimney comes out more than three meters from the ridge.
laying a chimney through the interfloor ceiling in a wooden house
The undoubted advantage is the availability of all the necessary parts for the installation of modern chimneys. In the case of an interfloor overlap, it is necessary to purchase a ready-made factory cutting for laying a chimney. It is called attic or mezzanine. The inner diameter of the groove must match the outer diameter of the chimney. Next, a square hole is cut between the beams according to the size of the square parts of the interfloor cutting. The hole is made with a small margin so that you can wrap the pipe with non-combustible material in several layers. Further, a chimney pipe is passed through the hole, the free space is filled with stone wool.
An important point: all joints of the chimney pipe must be outside, they cannot be run inside the ceiling.
chimney pipe through the roof
The issue of laying a chimney through the roof is solved in much the same way as in the case of interfloor overlapping. A ready-made cut is bought, in this case, a roof cut (sometimes it is called a roof cut).
Cuttings come in different sizes, and are made with different angles of inclination. It should be noted that the passage of the roof is a little more complicated than laying the chimney in the interfloor ceiling. From the pipe to the wooden elements of the roof, a distance of 25 centimeters must be observed on all sides. The chimney and the hole are closed with a special element called the "kryza".
The roof is brought from above under the roofing material. A comfrey is put on top of the chimney and securely clamped with a clamp, thus providing protection from atmospheric precipitation. As in the case of interfloor overlapping, all joints of the chimney must be left outside.
chimney pipe through the wall
Very often, sandwich chimneys lead outside right through the wall. There are many positive aspects in this method: you do not need to waste time and effort on passing through ceilings and roofs, and the likelihood of a fire is significantly reduced. In this case, you need to add a horizontal pass through a vertical surface. If we talk about thermal insulation, then this node is no different from the passage through the interfloor overlap. The difficulty lies in the fact that a new log house will inevitably shrink, so it is necessary to install a sliding cutting gasket.
An important point: if the house will be heated with a stove, solid fuel boiler or fireplace, spark arresters must be installed on top of the chimney.
brick chimney in a wooden house
Although the modern market offers a lot of materials for chimneys, brick is still quite popular. building material for chimneys.
The laying of the chimney pipe must be carried out with dressing. Inside the house, the brick is placed on lime mortar, and on top of the roof - on cement. It is unacceptable to use hollow bricks for the construction of a chimney. The seam between the bricks should be no more than 1 centimeter. Plastering the chimney inside is prohibited. Since a brick chimney weighs pretty well, it needs an independent foundation.
Over time, the brickwork inevitably begins to collapse under the influence of acidic condensate, the debris falls down and gradually narrows the chimney channel. The inner surface of the chimney is uneven and rough, which is why soot begins to accumulate inside. To minimize all these shortcomings, an asbestos-cement pipe is inserted into the smoke channel. The space between the pipe and the walls of the chimney is filled with concrete or cement mortar. This method is called "sleeve".
AT recent times ceramic chimneys are very often installed in wooden houses. The ceramic chimney is a prefabricated modular structure. The inner chimney pipe is made of durable high temperatures and acids of strong durable ceramics. The inner surface of the chimney is smooth, soot practically does not settle on it. Due to the heavy weight of the ceramic chimney, it is necessary to make a foundation.
This type of chimney enjoys well-deserved popularity. It is simple and easy to install. The design weighs a little, it does not need a foundation. Smooth inner walls do not accumulate soot and do not impede the flow of thrust. The inner tube is made of acid-resistant stainless steel.
When choosing a chimney for a particular heating system, it is necessary to remember the temperature of the flue gas (see the table above). Thus, the wall thickness of the inner steel pipe must be at least 0.5 mm for gas boilers, as well as boilers for diesel fuel and pellet boilers. For stoves, fireplaces and coal-fired boilers - 0.8-1 mm. The thermal insulation layer should be 10 centimeters for stoves, coal-fired boilers and fireplaces, for automated boilers - 5 centimeters.
The chimney is one of the most important elements of the entire structure of the house, especially for devices such as stoves, heating boilers, fireplaces, geysers. The purpose of chimneys is to remove the product of combustion in a safe way, ensuring the cleanliness of the air in the room, freshness, and safety. In addition, the normal operation of such devices also depends on how well the chimney is designed, what material it is made of, what are the conditions for its operation. At the same time, the question of how to properly make a chimney is one of the most important.
The chimney is one of the most important elements ensuring the safety of the whole house.
In our article, we will consider what types of chimneys are, what materials they can be built from and in what way, we will learn about the requirements for such a system and installation.
Types of chimneys
Today, the installation of the most various kinds chimney pipes, which may have different characteristics. Some of them are very cheap and easy to install even with your own hands, but there are also more expensive, complex systems, the installation of which requires the participation of specialists.
Among these types of chimneys, it is necessary to highlight the following:
- Brick, which are the most popular. This is the traditional way of arranging a pipe, which is most often found in large estates and old houses.
- Steel chimneys, often stainless steel, although galvanized steel may also be used. Recently, pipes made of acid-resistant steel with molybdenum additives have become in demand.
- Ceramic chimneys are a complex structure made of ceramic, steel or concrete layer.
- Other materials such as glass, fireclay, etc.
In addition, chimneys can be divided into:
- mounted, that is, installed on furnaces, this is the most used method;
- indigenous, that is, free-standing near furnaces;
- wall, passing through the main walls of the house.
Recently, coaxial chimneys have been made, arranged according to the “pipe in pipe” principle.
But they are used in the household very rarely. They work as follows: the intake of street air is carried out through outer pipe, and all combustion products are removed through the internal. Installing such a chimney for a private house allows you to do without additional system ventilation, which is very beneficial.
Chimney Requirements
Chimney draft must be monitored at all stages of installation.
When installing, they are guided by the schemes presented by the manufacturer, such installation rarely causes any difficulties.
Glass chimneys
There are also more exotic materials for, which would have been puzzling a couple of years ago. We are talking about glass chimneys, which are much more efficient than all presented before. Glass is not subject to corrosion at all, it is not only easy to clean, but also practically does not accumulate traces of soot and soot on the inner walls. Moisture also has no effect on the material. In general, a glass chimney is one of the most reliable and safe.
Of the minuses, it is necessary to note the high cost of the system, although, in comparison with the pluses, this is not such a big drawback. Installation of such a chimney is complicated, the presence of a professional is necessary.
As we can see, it is not difficult to make a chimney correctly, but all the work is directly dependent on the material used. Some pipes are laid quickly even for an already built house, but in the case of others (for example, brick), the laying should begin at the stage of building walls.
Every building needs a heating system. Old houses were heated by stoves, and gas boilers, as well as furnaces operating with fuel oil or diesel fuel, are increasingly being used to heat modern buildings. However, both old and new systems cannot do without a chimney. The construction of a chimney in private houses has always been of great importance.
Chimney in a wooden house
To get the smoke out of traditional oven or a fireplace, it is necessary to equip a brick chimney resembling a mine.
If a gas boiler or firebox is installed in a wooden house, then the chimney also looks like a mine, but ceramic, steel or polymer pipes are located in its insides, there is also a stainless steel chimney device. Recently, the so-called sandwich chimneys have been gaining momentum in popularity.
Types of chimneys
Now we will talk with you in detail about the types of chimneys, and try to talk about their advantages.
This chimney consists of a pair of pipes laid one inside the other. A heat insulator is laid between their wall surfaces. Sandwich chimneys do not degrade over time, unlike brick chimneys. They do not support combustion, so they are absolutely fireproof.
For gas appliances installed in private homes, a coaxial system for eliminating combustion waste is perfect. Such a system will not only eliminate the gas, but also capture fresh air that can support a productive combustion process. A coaxial chimney is used for boilers with a closed combustion chamber.
This design of the chimney is laid along the shortest distance at which the boiler is located from the wall surface or roof.
To prevent debris from getting stuck in the tube, it must be carefully protected from the outside. All parts of the system must be securely fixed to each other, carefully glued into the connection areas so that gas leakage does not occur.
Such a chimney device provides for fixing the pipes with a special perforated metal tape.
How to properly install a chimney
To heating system functioned normally, it is necessary to remove waste from the combustion process in time, and also to create traction, without which combustion is impossible. Therefore, a reaction must take place in the chimney due to the temperature difference between the outgoing gas and the incoming air.
For this reaction to occur, the chimney must be correctly installed - absolutely vertical. The largest deviation allowed is one millimeter. It is also impossible to use pipes whose height does not reach five meters.
On a flat roof, the length of the pipe protruding above the surface should be half a meter. If there is a ridge on the roof, then the pipe is supposed to rise above it also by half a meter. In this case, the pipe itself should not be located in the immediate vicinity of this decorative part.
How to operate and clean a chimney
For the effective functioning of the chimney, built in a modern wooden house, its regular inspection is required for the tightness of the system at all points of its connection. A couple of times a year, all soot accumulated over six months should be removed from the inner wall surfaces of the pipe. The chimney will do its job perfectly if you constantly monitor the quality of its draft.
If a a private house has not been heated for a long time, then before starting the heating system, it is necessary to carry out a full and high-quality revision of the chimney.
If a gas leak is detected and any connection is not tight, then this defect must be immediately eliminated. If the house has been empty for a long time and the chimney has begun to collapse, then it is necessary to carry out a major overhaul without fail.