The temperature in the apartment. Legislative norms for heating residential premises in the cold season
The vast majority of apartments are heated using a centralized system, which includes radiators located in each room of the house. The quality of this system is evidenced by the temperature of the radiator and, as a result, the air temperature in each apartment.
Therefore, one of the tasks of people who are dissatisfied with the operation of the heating system is to determine the temperature of the radiator and compare the obtained indicators with the norms, which, logically, should determine the minimum and maximum levels battery heating.
Minimum temperatures
First, you should pay attention to this point: there is not a single document that would determine the norms for heating batteries. There are documents that regulate the temperature of the coolant and the temperature in the apartment. Why so? This can be explained by the different thermal conductivity of the materials used for the production of heating batteries, as well as the design features of various models.
Cast iron, steel, copper and aluminum (they are most often used to make radiators) have different thermal conductivity. This means that batteries made from these materials heat up and release heat differently. That is, provided that the coolant temperature at the inlet is 100 °C, it will not heat up to such a temperature. A copper device can (among the above 4 materials, copper conducts heat the best).
It would be possible to establish heating rates for radiators for a specific type of material. However, the situation is complicated by manufacturers who use various tricks during development, as well as improving the heat transfer of an individual product. That's why it is very difficult to develop universal temperature standards for water batteries.
It is also worth adding that batteries heated to the same temperature with 5 and 11 create a different heat flux. Therefore, the room will warm up in different ways. Of course, this is said to understand the idea. In practice, when planning a water heating system, the optimal dimensions and desired power heating batteries for each room. Therefore, with the correct operation of the entire heating system, the battery, which has a sensor and a thermostat, will give the right amount of heat.
From the above, it follows that it is best to measure the temperature of the coolant and check whether the resulting indicator is normal. This can be done in different ways. Some of these include measuring the temperature of the radiator, and using correction values depending on the material used to make the heating device.
The minimum value of the coolant temperature is +30 ° С (this is according to the resolution of the State Construction Committee of September 27, 2003 No. 170). Such water should circulate through a system in which the coolant moves according to the “bottom-down” scheme, when the outside temperature is +10 °C.
If it is 0 °С outside the window, water should flow to the radiators, as well as a device for adjusting the heating, not colder than +57 °С. It is clear that the battery can heat up to almost this temperature. The above document has a whole table that indicates the norm for the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet, depending on the weather and the method of supplying heated water.
Maximum values
They are regulated by the document SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". According to him, in a radiator with a temperature sensor, it is necessary to supply a coolant heated no more than:
- 95 ° С - when the water heating system is two-pipe;
- 105 ° С - when the heating system is single-pipe;
- 85-90 °C is the recommended upper limit. This recommendation is based on the fact that water boils at 100°C. Of course, boiling is unacceptable. Therefore, if such a coolant is supplied, then the managing organization is forced to take additional measures to prevent boiling.
It is also worth adding that prolonged circulation of a coolant with a temperature equal to 115 ° C will quickly disable radiators, even though they are designed for such an operating mode. It is better to supply water heated to 80 or 90 ° C.
How to measure the temperature of the coolant and radiator
The level of water heating is determined as follows:
- Open the faucet.
- Substitute a container with a thermometer placed in it.
- Fill the container with water.
- Waiting for the reaction of the measuring device.
The end result must be correct.
Deviations are possible, however, only upwards. The maximum deviation is 4 °C. That is, if it is -6 degrees outside and the coolant should be heated to 80 degrees, and the thermometer shows the number 84, then everything is fine. If there are downward deviations, then you need to go to the DEZ and file a complaint. If the batteries of the apartment are airy, then you should first go to the housing office.
The temperature of the radiator can be measured in one of 4 ways:
- Take a thermometer, apply it to a radiator or heating pipe. 1-2 degrees are added to the result.
- Use an infrared thermometer-pyrometer. It is a very accurate device. Thanks to special sensors, the error of the result is not more than 0.5 °C.
- They take an alcohol thermometer, apply it to a water radiator and fix it on the latter using adhesive tape. In addition, the thermometer must be wrapped with foam rubber or any material with high thermal insulation properties. The fixed thermometer is left for a long time and, looking at it, control the temperature heat flow and the correct operation of the heating network, as well as adjust the operation of the battery.
- Use such an electrical measuring device that has the function "measure the temperature." Use involves fixing a wire with a thermocouple and a sensor on a heat source. Then they turn it on and get a real figure. It can be 80 °C.
Bad results: what to do
In a situation of fixing too low indicators, you need to:
- File a complaint with the above organizations.
- Check the device that the commission will bring with them to see if it has passed registration and state verification. He must also have a certificate of quality.
- Check the correctness of the actions of the commission. To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the document "Methods of control" GOST 30494-96.
- If the heating system is working correctly, then you should check the radiator, further repair or replace it. If the reason is a weak water flow, that is, improper operation of the heating network, then look for the same inhabitants of the house, form a collective complaint and go to court.
If the battery heats up more than necessary, then you can use a thermostat with a temperature sensor.
It must be installed on the inlet fitting and then adjust the water heat flow. Adjustment can be manual and automatic. In the first case, the temperature sensor can be omitted. Only the valve is used. The sensor can serve as your own sense of heat flow or a thermometer.
It is better to use an automatic thermostat. It has its own sensor that determines when it is necessary to adjust the operation of the heating battery.
Interruptions in the heating system
There are cases when the movement of water through the system stops and cools down, without creating a heat flow and without heating the apartment. According to the regulatory documents, the managing organization has the right to make a temporary suspension. However, she must adhere to the following rules:
- Within one month, the total break time should not exceed 24 hours.
- The duration of the break cannot be more than 16 hours when the temperature in the apartment is 12-22 °C.
- The duration of the break should be less than 8 hours if the air in the apartment is warmed up to 10-12 degrees.
- A break of 4 hours, if the air temperature is 8-10 degrees.
Standards for the minimum temperature in the rooms of the apartment
They should be known in cases where the battery, which has a heating sensor, warms up completely, and the coolant performance is normal, but the apartment is still cold. This situation may indicate a small .
For different rooms apartments have their own minimum. So, temperature must not be less than:
Heating apartments in high-rise buildings is the prerogative of the authorized company or homeowner.
If you were able to get permission and make individual heating your home, this is an indisputable plus.
In this case, you can, personally, regulate the temperature in residential premises and at the same time be independent of anyone.
With a centralized heating method, everything is much more complicated.
Standards for heating coolants
On the basis of sanitary standards, norms have been established regarding the heating system in residential multi-apartment buildings.
As a basis, take into account the needs of the average adult.
The calculation itself is rather complicated, and only specialists of a certain level can carry it out.
The resulting values are called optimal ().
They are established and approved at the legislative level and are spelled out in SNiP.
If you are cold in your apartment due to cold batteries, you need to know what temperature should be in the batteries in winter period in order to contact the relevant authorities in case of non-compliance with the standards.
Do not forget that a lot, in this case, depends on:
- outdoor air temperature,
- temperature working fluid,
- the material from which the radiators are made.
If you have any questions to representatives of the service organization, you can write an application and invite the ZhEK engineer for measurements, who, using special devices, will perform all the necessary actions.
Thus, he will find out the temperature of the batteries in the apartment, its norm may fluctuate slightly in one direction or another (depending on the weather outside).
How to determine how hot radiators are
How well the organization that supplies heat to your home performs its duties can be judged based on the air temperature in the room.
If you feel uncomfortable in a room and feel cold, take your temperature.
+18 degrees Celsius is considered the minimum allowable. If the indicators are lower, you need to find the cause.
It can be bad, not insulated windows and doors or low temperature working fluid in radiators.
You do not know how to determine the temperature of the batteries in the apartment?
For these purposes, there are special calculation formulas. They are specialists, it is difficult for a person who is not experienced in this matter to understand the intricacies of the issue.
Deal with this problem on your own you will be able to, but at the same time, you will have great difficulties.
It is better to contact the competent organization.
A representative will come to your apartment and take measurements (how to check the temperature hot water find out in the tap).
The data that he receives must be compared with the indicators temperature graph, in which the temperature indicators in hollow objects of direct and reverse water supply have already been calculated.
For example, when single pipe system heating, when a liquid substance is supplied from the bottom up, when the temperature outside is minus fifteen degrees Celsius, there must be water in the return line with a temperature of at least seventy degrees.
And this, regardless of which floor measurements are taken - on the first or on the seventh.
If your house has a two-pipe heating system with a frost of 15 degrees, the permissible rate is 95 degrees on a direct water supply.
For each city or village in our country, an individual temperature schedule is drawn up in radiators during the heating season.
It must be approved by the administration. specific locality.
If it turns out that the temperature of the batteries in the living room does not meet the standard indicators, this may mean the following:
- boiler room saves on fuel.
According to established standards, a coolant must be supplied to the batteries, the heating level of which varies from eighty to eighty-five degrees Celsius.
Temperature Measurement Methods
If you take measurements an ordinary thermometer, a few more degrees will need to be added to the indicators.
The most accurate readings can be found using an infrared device - a pyrometer. Its error is no more than 0.5 degrees.
For regular temperature monitoring use only the safest device - an alcohol thermometer.
For these purposes, it is attached to the radiator with adhesive tape and wrapped with heat-insulating material.
How to use an electric thermometer option?
You need to take a wire with a thermocouple and wind it to heating device. In this manner, indicators are taken.
If a commission came to your apartment to measure the temperature of the batteries, they must have a certified device.
You have the right to demand from a representative of the inspecting organization documents confirming that the equipment has passed state verification.
The requirements for the heating system are very high..
The process of delivering hot coolant circulation pumps(the rules for installation in the heating system are written) to a residential building and its uniform distribution over all apartments is not an easy task.
It is necessary to approach this issue responsibly, and with an understanding of all technological subtleties.
In order for the heating system to work efficiently, all its elements must function smoothly.
This applies to all pipes and batteries, in each of the apartments of a multi-storey building.
Therefore, when replacing radiators (read how to install heating batteries in a private house in the article), you need to take into account the features and subtleties of the heating main.
If this is not done, some apartments will experience an excess of heat, while residents of other apartments will not better times (they will have cold batteries).
How can optimization be achieved heating urban dwellings?
Answer: by introducing the following rules:
Where to complain if the apartment is cold
Before you go in search of heat, it is worth remembering the following:
- hot water is being supplied to our apartments through the central heating system only when the street temperature reaches certain values.
According to the regulations heating season can begin under one condition: for five days in a row, the external temperature is kept at no more than +8 degrees.
In this case, heat must be supplied to our home.
If the heating throughout the house is working properly, and only your apartment remains cold, which means that the problem lies in a particular apartment.
Then, first of all, it is worth checking if your heating system is not airy.
To understand this, it is enough to feel the individual sections for their heating.
If the batteries are warm, in parts, then the reason is most likely airing.
Air from the system can be released using the Mayevsky crane, which must be installed on radiators in each room (see options for installing heating batteries in an apartment).
Before opening the valve, you need to substitute a basin or bucket under it.
When the coolant starts to come out of the tap without a characteristic hissing sound, this means that there is no air in the batteries.
After that, the tap must be closed and after a while the batteries should be checked, they should warm up evenly.
Established norms of hot working fluid in a centralized heating system the following:
- plus fifty - plus seventy-five degrees Celsius at the point of water intake.
If, for some reason, these figures drop to forty-five degrees, consumers are entitled to a ten percent discount when paying for heating.
If the hot water temperature is only forty degrees, you are entitled to a 30% discount.
When the temperature is below forty degrees - service is not payable.
If the relevant services do not respond to your complaints, you can take measurements yourself in the presence of your neighbors.
To do this, you need a device such as a pyrometer..
The act can be drawn up in any form, the main thing is that the document has the signatures of the people who were next to you during the measurements.
Conclusion
Remember! The guarantee of your health and all those living in this apartment largely depends on the optimal microclimate in the living room.
And to create it and maintain it at the proper level is within the power of every homeowner.
In the apartment, it is very important to create an ideal microclimate. The air should not be too dry.
For each individual room, there are norms for the amount of fresh air.
Some experts believe that they are a little overpriced. But, if the air exchange in your apartment is half of the established standards, this is considered quite acceptable.
Watch a fragment of a television program dedicated to the standards for supplying heat to apartments.
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of the room
In order to exercise his right to reduce the rent when the climatic indicators decrease below the norm, the tenant can write an application to the supervisory authority. Based on the application, an audit is carried out and an act is drawn up. In accordance with the law, identified deviations must be corrected by public utilities within a period of no more than 7 days.
The legislation obliges utilities to ensure uninterrupted heat supply throughout the heating season. In the event of an emergency, interruptions in heat cannot last more than 16 hours. At the same time, the temperature regime in the room remains at the level of permissible parameters, and the air temperature does not drop below +12 degrees. The decrease in air temperature to +8 degrees can not be more than 4 hours.
Nuances of standards
The legal framework and standards establish the norms that must be provided by utilities. The nuance is that the leadership of the region has the right to change the basic norms in accordance with the climatic features of a particular area. The same applies to the beginning and end of the heating season. The appropriate decision is made by the local authorities, depending on the climate of the region and the prevailing weather conditions.
What to do if the norms are not observed, and utilities do not provide heat at home? According to the rules, the tenant of the apartment is obliged to report the inadequate quality of utilities to the contractor or to the regulatory authorities.
Speaking about the nuances of heating standards, one cannot fail to note the significant variation in tariffs by region, which became especially noticeable in 2014. Then the bill was approved, which approved the maximum maximum indexes in tariffing. This figure is determined based on many parameters, including local conditions. The result is a huge difference.
Humidity
Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings
Temperature is not the only parameter of the microclimate in an apartment, strictly regulated by norms and standards. Basic standards are also established in relation to the humidity regime.
Humidity in an apartment can increase for various reasons, for example, when the ventilation and exhaust system is not working properly. This problem should be solved by utilities, but there are a number of factors that are directly influenced by the residents of the houses.
According to sanitary rules, the optimal humidity in the winter period of the year is defined as 30–45%, and the permissible one is 60%. At the same time, temperature indicators cannot be lower than + 18 + 24 degrees. The level of humidity in kitchens and bathrooms is not standardized, that is, in rooms where the amount of moisture in the air will inevitably increase due to operational features.
How to calculate heat?
Knowing the rules is just a theory. But, knowing it, you can always do it in your own apartment and understand how the payment for it is calculated. The payment for heating is calculated by the utilities on the basis of heat consumption standards. They have already been given above and are a constant value adopted by the local administration in accordance with current standards, as well as with the peculiarities of climatic conditions.
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00
Previously, the calculation of heating, and hence the payment for it, was carried out according to the simplest formula- the standard in Gcal was multiplied by the area of the room. The result obtained was multiplied by the tariff approved by the local administration, and the resulting figure became the payment for heating. Later, the so-called common house needs, that is, the heat spent on heating basements, entrances and stairwells, became subject to payment.
Note! Reduce the cost of utilities possible not only due to the maximum possible insulation own apartment, but also due to the installation of an intra-apartment individual meter.
Only licensed companies can install such devices. In addition, the apparatus must be sealed by employees of regulatory authorities. And management companies often install common house heat meters. This also allows you to reduce the fee, but not as significantly as the use of individual devices.
So, to determine the thermal energy in Gcal using this formula, you need to know the following parameters:
- Coolant flow rate in the supply (G1) and return (G2) pipelines.
- The temperature of the heat carrier in the forward (t1) and return (t2) pipelines, as well as the temperature cold water(txv).
As a result, according to the first part of the formula, it is possible to calculate the amount of heat entering the house, and according to the second - the lost heat. In this case, the meter will take into account all parameters - heating, water intake in case open systems, error, etc. Of course, any counter has its own error, and it must be taken into account. But despite this, the installation of meters allows you to save a lot on heating.
Conclusion
Now you know what the heat consumption standard means, how utility bills are calculated, and where the numbers in our receipts come from. This knowledge will never be redundant. With this information, you can find a way to make your apartment energy efficient and significantly reduce heating costs. Or at least pay for the heat actually received, and not for theoretical norms and indices.
Similar posts
Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They are effective household devices responsible for the transfer of heat, since comfort and coziness in residential premises for citizens directly depend on them and their temperature.
If you refer to the Government Decree Russian Federation No. 354 of May 6, 2011, heating supply to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if such a mark has been consistently maintained for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, according to the law, postponing the supply of the heat resource is allowed. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.
In practice, it also happens that due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature installed batteries in the apartment does not meet the regulated standards. However, in order to complain and demand a correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how exactly to measure the existing temperature of working radiators.
Save your time and nerves. and within 5 minutes you will receive free consultation professional lawyer.
Norms in Russia
Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable to absolutely all existing systems in which, in direct accordance with the Decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.
In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator directly at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility networks for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are ninety-five degrees, and with a single-pipe - one hundred and five degrees. Measurements of those must be carried out sequentially in accordance with the established rules, otherwise, when applying to higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.
Maintained temperature
Temperature heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, displaying a sufficient value for the premises, depending on their purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of working premises, since the activity of residents, in principle, is not so high and is more or less stable. Based on this, the following rules are regulated:
Of course, the individual characteristics of each person should be taken into account, everyone has different activities and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not a single indicator is fixed.
Requirements for heating systems
Heating in apartment buildings based on the result of many engineering calculations, which are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it does not consist in delivering hot water to a specific property, but in evenly distributing water to all available apartments, taking into account all the norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the characteristics of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a deficit of heat or, conversely, its excess.
As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:
In any case, if the owner is embarrassed by something, it is worth applying to the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat - depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.
What to do about inconsistencies?
If the functioning applied heating systems of an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to bleed the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting any container under it, where water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hiss and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.
If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, it must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written conclusion on the non-compliance temperature regime and send a team to fix the existing problems.
If the management company did not respond to the complaint in any way, you need to take measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.
How to measure temperature?
Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the temperature of the radiators. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that only a deviation upward of four degrees is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the Housing Office, if the batteries are airy, apply to the DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.
There are additional ways to measure the temperature of heating batteries, namely:
In case of an unsatisfactory temperature indicator, an appropriate complaint must be filed.
Minimum and maximum indicators
Like other indicators that are important to ensure the required conditions for people's lives (humidity indicators in apartments, warm water supply temperatures, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries, in fact, has certain allowable minimums depending on the time of year. However, neither the law nor the established norms prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators must be maintained in such a way that the above-mentioned permissible temperatures in the rooms are normally maintained. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimal required temperature in the apartment.
If there is no established minimum, then the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, establish the maximum indicator. This document defines the standards that are required for an in-house heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.
The information in this article is provided for informational purposes only.
We recommend you to our lawyer.
It depends primarily on the air temperature. When it is much below zero outside the window, and a little more than + 10 ° C in the apartment, there is no need to talk about comfort. In such a situation, the owner has the right to require the management company to comply with the GOSTs existing in this area or to decide on the refusal to pay bills for lost heat.
What temperature is set for different rooms. Norms
There are temperature standards established by law that must be maintained in apartments with central heating. During the construction of a house and the installation of heating radiators, their number is calculated in such a way as to maintain the level of heat established by the standards in each dwelling. What temperature is set for different rooms? The current standards are presented in GOSTs approved by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In living rooms: living rooms, bedrooms, children's rooms, according to established standards, the temperature should be maintained at + 18–20 ° С in winter. The exception is the corner rooms, which are colder. They should be warmer by 2 ° C. In the kitchen, regardless of the type of installed stove, according to the standards, it should be at least 18 ° C. The same temperature norm installed for a private toilet. In a combined bathroom, as well as in an individual bathroom according to GOST, + 25 ° C is provided.
Legislation allows minor deviations from the norm at night: downward - by 3 ° C and upward - by 4 ° C.
Such standards are valid only in areas where the outdoor air temperature in winter does not fall below -31 ° C. In the northern regions, the temperature in residential premises should be + 20 (in corners + 22) ° С.
How to measure room temperature
If the owner of the apartment believes that he is not supplied with heat in the required volume, how to measure the temperature in the room to verify his assumptions. This can be done by the landlord himself. According to the established rules, the temperature is measured at a distance of one meter from the outer wall, the distance from the floor should be 1.2–1.5 meters. Readings taken near a window or front door are not considered correct.
Based on the results of measurements, the homeowner writes an application to the management company. To check the stated claim, a qualified specialist is sent to the place, who re-examines the premises. Upon confirmation of the facts indicated in the application, a representative of the management company draws up an act on the non-compliance of the temperature in the living room with the existing standards. The document is submitted in 2 copies. One day is allocated to eliminate violations of the law.
What to do if the temperature is not normal
Unfortunately, management companies do not always promptly respond to citizens' applications. No action has been taken on your application - contact the Housing Inspectorate. It may be more effective to appeal to the prosecutor's office. Law enforcement conduct an audit and, upon confirmation of the facts indicated in the application, send a submission or a prosecutor's order to eliminate violations to the management company.
Public utilities did not respond properly to documents of this level - go to court. Moreover, the lawsuit is filed not only to take corrective action, but also to recalculate utility bills. Officially, payment for heating is set based on the area of \u200b\u200bthe dwelling. If there is a shortage of heat established by the norms, the payment for heating for a particular apartment should be reduced, and the amounts already paid must be collected from the management company.
Judicial practice shows that such claims are satisfied in full. The main thing is that all violations are recorded by the relevant acts. If the management company did not send its specialist and did not draw up an act on existing violations, the document can be drawn up by independent experts. The owners of the apartment have the right to independently decide the issue of their invitation.
How to change the room temperature before the management company takes action
Being in a room where the temperature is much lower than normal is not comfortable. The management company does not take action in a timely manner. The litigation will take more than one month. How to solve the heating problem? There are several ways to change the temperature in a living room. First, install the heater. Modern manufacturers offer a wide selection of these products. Secondly, install the air conditioner. The solution is more expensive, but long-term. Another plus of this choice is the ability to regulate the temperature in the summer. Finally, if hopes for the normal provision of services to your management company no, take care of your family yourself and install underfloor heating. It is not necessary to use them with full heat supply, but if problems arise, your family will not freeze in the apartment.